per Iran Helal Applied Science Higher Education Institute Quarterly Scientific Journal of Rescue and Relief 2008-4544 2008-529x 2014-01 5 4 12 1 article Nahid Sarikhani 1 Azadeh Soleimani Nejad 2 Ahmad Sadeghi 3 Hamid Naghiee 4 Shahnaz Kamrani 5 Zahra Abjam 6 Assistant Professor, Islamic Azad University Roudehen, Damavand Introduction: Red Crescent society of Tehran province held some short-term on the job training courses for all employees in order to achieve effective and efficient human resources and to improve their performance. However, this paper aims to evaluate the effect of these training courses in the efficiency of personnel from 2007 to 2009. Methods: In this cross-sectional descriptive study, data were collected by using the self-administration questionnaire. About 119 cases were selected through stratified sampling and eventually 112 persons were responded to the questionnaire. Findings: The results showed that effectiveness of “efficacy of short-term on the job training courses was less than average in view of staff. About 5/1% of the changes concerning the dependent variable (efficiency of employees) were covered by the independent variable of on the job training courses. The obtained beta level was 0/226 in a simple linear regression for the independent variable. Conclusion: according to the results, some items should be considered on organizations such as job analysis, evaluation of staff performance on the job, and conducting various tests.   http://jorar.ir/article-1-170-en.pdf Red Crescent society training efficiency employee Tehran per Iran Helal Applied Science Higher Education Institute Quarterly Scientific Journal of Rescue and Relief 2008-4544 2008-529x 2014-01 5 4 23 13 article Amir Masoud Ahmadi 1 Hojat Sharifi 2 Amir Hossain Ghafouri 3 MA in Planning & Social Welfare, University of Tehran, Iran Introduction: Iran is one of the top ten natural disaster-prone countries that cause major financial and human losses annually. The extent of destruction caused by natural disasters especially earthquakes, flood etc. covers vast areas of the country. On the other hand, most of disasters are unexpected ones and even if they are gradual, they do not give man enough time to deal with. Tehran is of crucial importance as the capital of Iran due to the highly concentrated population as well as its economic and political decision-makers organizations and institutions, however, an earthquake will result in a national catastrophe. Considering the tremendous extent of the crisis caused by an earthquake in this city, the crisis managing organizations should have the proper potentiality to control the situation and the presence of military units in order to control and reduce damages and the relieve the pain of affected people. However, in this research, preparedness of two military units of the Armed Forces (Mohammad Rasoul Allah division 27th and Seyed al Shohada 10th division) was compared based on seven indicators such as trained manpower against natural disasters; storage system to manage the rescue & relief support; specialized equipment of rescue & relief operational teams; timely allocation of budgets for disaster preparation; proper organization to conduct rescue & relief operations; the current information systems; and effectiveness of the emergency operations. Methods: In this descriptive survey, 100 persons were selected and studied by using questionnaire and simple random sampling; also, data were analyzed by single-sample t and independent-sample t tests. Findings: according to the findings, preparedness of military units is proper and desirable. In all the studied factors, the preparedness of Seyed al Shohada 10th Division was higher than Mohammad Rasoul Allah Division 27th. Conclusion: The results show that the military forces are prepared to react appropriately during and after a probable earthquake in Tehran city. http://jorar.ir/article-1-168-en.pdf earthquake Tehran preparedness military units per Iran Helal Applied Science Higher Education Institute Quarterly Scientific Journal of Rescue and Relief 2008-4544 2008-529x 2014-01 5 4 34 24 article Katayoun Jahangiri 1 Reza Khani Jazni 2 Kiyoumars Allahbakhshi k.allahbakhsh@gmail.com 3 Hassan Jamshidi 4 Associate Professor and Director of the Department of Disaster and Emergency Health, School of Health, Safety and Environment, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. PhD Student in Disaster and Emergency Health, Faculty of Health, Safety and Environment, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Introduction: The Sphere project, which is the operational framework of humanitarian organizations for relief activities in the rapid response phase of the crisis, is based on the humanitarian charter and sets the minimum necessary standards in disaster relief process. These standards were published in the Sphere Handbook in 2000 and revised in 2004 and 2011. The aim of this study was to analyze the content and structural changes of the Sphere project of 2004 and 2011 editions and compare them in the section of common standards. Methods: This review study is done in 1990 to 2013. The result was a search of 370 articles and scientific texts that were done in two months.  According to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 10 articles were obtained as the most relevant articles and scientific texts. In addition, a number of other articles were extracted by reviewing the reference articles in accordance with the objectives of the study. Findings: The inclusion of the principles of protection and security of disaster survivors, the need to promote humanitarian actions and activities and change the provisions of the law in recent years have been the main reasons for the review. Some titles did not appear in the new edition or were mentioned briefly such as justice, disaster prevention, environmental health issues and urban warfare. Changing the name of "Common Standards Minimum" to "Individuals and Processes Standards" and the structural and content change from 8 common standards to 6 central standards is one of the most important of these issues. Conclusion: According to the obtained findings, the purpose of the new edition of the Sphere project is not to change the quality standards or to fundamentally change the Sphere manual, but to update the qualitative and quantitative indicators and essential guidelines. In the new edition, the overall structure and integrity of the text has been improved. The chapter on minimum core standards for all sections is structured in the form of core standards. In the process of responding to the crisis, in addition to providing the minimum basic needs of the affected population in accordance with the humanitarian charter, special attention has been paid to creating and maintaining security as an important parameter in the relief process. http://jorar.ir/article-1-169-en.pdf sphere project minimum standard disasters per Iran Helal Applied Science Higher Education Institute Quarterly Scientific Journal of Rescue and Relief 2008-4544 2008-529x 2014-01 5 4 45 35 article Abbas Dadashzadeh 1 Farahnaz Abdolahzadeh 2 Hadi HassanKhani hassankhanih@tbzmed.ac.ir 3 Mojgan Lotfi 4 PhD, Nursing & Midwifery Faculty, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran Introduction: Triage is the process of prioritizing patients based on their medical needs. Triage nurse is essential for the triage process. Variety of systems used to triage patients in the emergency department in developed countries. The aim of this study was to evaluate the triage situation in hospital emergency departments of Tabriz. Methods: this is a descriptive study performed on 176 emergency physicians and nurses from emergency departments in Tabriz. By using questionnaire Data gathering instrument was. Data analysis was done as descriptive statistics in SPSS 14. Findings: The findings illustrated the triage of emergency departments is organized, focusing on personnel who perform triage, as well as the facilities, resources and triage procedures. However, the results indicated that the essentials of triage in Tabriz emergency department are not integrated. About 68.8% of respondents declared that there are not specialized nurses for emergency department. About 72% of respondents stated that there is not triage station in emergency department. About 65% of respondents declared that patients are triaged in the emergency department hall. Conclusion: Due to the lack of standardized and organized triage system in terms of allocation of human resources and prioritize patients, further research on triage in emergency departments, particularly in the areas of health personnel and more attention of health authorities for the implementation of standardized triage system is emphasized.   http://jorar.ir/article-1-167-en.pdf triage emergency department triage nurse per Iran Helal Applied Science Higher Education Institute Quarterly Scientific Journal of Rescue and Relief 2008-4544 2008-529x 2014-01 5 4 54 46 article Mojtaba Kashefi mojtaba.kashefi@ut.ac.ir 1 Elaheh Arab Ameri mojtaba.kashefi@ut.ac.ir 2 Davoud Houmanian 3 PhD candidate of faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Tehran, Iran Introduction: The results of the latest research on relief workers have shown that these individuals due to occupational exposure to stressful situations do not enjoy good mental health than other people. Besides sports, activities always emphasized the researchers as an effective strategy for improving mental health has. Due to this, the aim of this study was compare the mental health status of male and female relief workers of Red Crescent and determination the role of exercise in mental health of these groups. Methods: In this descriptive and causal-comparative study, by using available sampling 4 groups (each group had 25 patients) were selected and studied such as: 1) trained male relief workers; 2) trained female relief workers; 3) untrained male relief workers; and 4) untrained female relief workers. All groups filled the self-administrated questionnaire of individual information and SCL-90 psychological disorder questionnaire. Data analyzed by one-way ANOVA test and tukey post-hoc test. Findings: The results show that a relatively high percentage of relief workers (31%) have a mental disorders core above the cut-off points. In addition, trained and untrained men have higher average mental health than their counterpart groups in the opposite sex; however, this difference was not statistically significant. Finally, a one-way ANOVA results showed that mental health of trained women and men is significantly higher than their untrained group sex. Conclusion: According to the results, it is suggested that officials of the relative organizations should consider sport programs and competitions due to its positive effects on relief workers’ mental health as a useful and easy solution in order to reduce negative side effects of job stressful conditions. http://jorar.ir/article-1-166-en.pdf mental health relief worker athlete non-athlete per Iran Helal Applied Science Higher Education Institute Quarterly Scientific Journal of Rescue and Relief 2008-4544 2008-529x 2014-01 5 4 67 55 article Reza Pourmirza Kalhori 1 Bijan Sabour 2 Arsalan Naderipour 3 Afshin Almasi 4 Abdolrahman Parna 5 Akbar Azadi 6 Zhaleh Dezfoolimanesh zh_dezfooli@yahoo.com 7 Master of Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Sciences, School of Paramedical Sciences, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran Introduction: Cardio-pulmonary resuscitation is the critical skill needed by emergency medical personnel; so they must be aware of the recent changes in CPR. This study has been done to determine the awareness level of emergency medical technicians in Kermanshah of the 2010 guidelines for CPR in 2012. Methods: In this desc riptive cross-sectional study, emergency medical technicians (159 ones) were studied using census sampling in Kermanshah’s emergency ba se in 2012. By using a self administrated questionnaire, data were collected with face, content and reliability (r=%74); and also were analyzed by STATA-11 software, tests of Kruskal-Wallis, Mann–Whitney U and Spearman (P<0.05). Findings: According to the findings, the level of awareness in emergency medical personnel was as follows: %19.5 excellent, %78.6 good and %1.9 moderate. Also, there was no statistically significant relationship between level of awareness and gender, work experience, field of study, previous workplace, passing advanced CPR training and observing CPR. However, level of awareness was higher in emergency technicians who had experience of passing and performing CPR training independent. In some areas, level of awareness was influenced by workplace and observing CPR (P<0.001). Conclusion: It is recommended to teach CPR ba sed on the 2010 guidelines for emergency technicians with the emphasis on Laryngeal Mask Airway (LMA), combitube intubations, reasons of termination and undoing of CPR, intraosseous injections (IO) and induced-hypothermia. http://jorar.ir/article-1-165-en.pdf awareness emergency medicine cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) per Iran Helal Applied Science Higher Education Institute Quarterly Scientific Journal of Rescue and Relief 2008-4544 2008-529x 2014-01 5 4 79 68 article Javad Shojafard Shjavad59@yahoo.com 1 Haidar Nadrian 2 Mohsen Moradian 3 Nader Haghi Manie 4 PhD Candidate in strategic management of passive defense-National supreme defense university, Iran Introduction: Today, health care and medical preparedness against biological threats are important. In the event of a biological incident scene, emergency medical personnel among the other employee's health care system will aid due to the inherent nature of its activities. Methods: This study accomplished aimed to assess the readiness of emergency medicine personnel against biological incidents, with 121 samples selected from Tehran EMS personnel in 2012. Findings: based on the results, the average age of respondents is 34 years, most of them were associate degree, average personnel experience 8/6 years. About 60/4% of staff had not received any theoretical education against biological contamination conditions. About 68/9% of staff had not received any practical training to deal with biological threats. About the necessary equipment to deal with biological events, 48/5% of the participants declared there is no equipment in ambulance. About the operating procedures to deal with biological incidents, 51% of the staff declared they have no sufficient instructions. Finally, the preparedness of the personnel against biological events were estimated at about 28%. Conclusion: Theoretically and scientifically, the lack of adequate training for personnel is one of the important issues that ultimately reduces the efficiency of emergency medical personnel in the face of biological events and also increases the likelihood of infection and disease in biological contamination. Therefore, the following should be done: design and implement relevant training courses; Retraining courses should be held at appropriate intervals; Address the problem of lack of standard equipment and facilities needed in ambulances to deal with biological accidents; Necessary instructions should be developed in this regard. http://jorar.ir/article-1-171-en.pdf preparedness emergency medical services biological incidents per Iran Helal Applied Science Higher Education Institute Quarterly Scientific Journal of Rescue and Relief 2008-4544 2008-529x 2014-01 5 4 98 80 article Alireza Sadeghian Sadeghian0105@ut.ac.ir 1 Babak Omidvar 2 Esmail Salehi 3 MSc in Natural Disaster Management, Faculty of Environment, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran Associate Professor, Faculty of Environment, University of Tehran Introduction: Fire is one of the important issues that has grade role in all three categories of safety, health and environment. The use of appropriate methods of fire risk assessment by identifying risks and applying appropriate technical and management measures to control or minimize the probability of disasters and mitigation can reduce significantly the damages caused by fire. Therefore, the main objectives of this research are review and compare the fire risk assessment models to determine using terms of models. Methods: In order to achieve the main objective of this research, initially existing fire risk assessment models were reviewed. Then by using descriptive-analytical method, the fire risk assessment models and their application were discussed. These models are described in this research such as CESARE-Risk model in Australia, FIRECAM and FIERA System in Canada, CRISP model in the UK and QRA that has been developed at Lund University in Sweden. Findings: According to this study, in the models based on the risk-cost assessment method, including CESARE-Risk, FiRECAM, and FIERA, certain conservative assumptions and approximations have been made due to the complexity and the lack of sufficient understanding of fire phenomena and human behavior. As a result, these models should not be used for absolute assessments of fire risk and loss, while they are considered to be reliable when used for comparative assessments and for the selection of a cost-effective fire safety system solution. As for the CRISP model, its scope have been limited to two story residential occupancies, and have been used to evaluate such tradeoffs as fire detection installation versus the need for additional passive fire protection, and caution has been urged relative to the model’s use in more complex buildings. Finally, challenges and limitations to the use of LUND QRA method, including difficulties in developing appropriate analytical expressions and uncertainty factors. Conclusion: In this research, fire risk assessment models are studied. On this basis, the models developed for specific occupancies are only applicable to those buildings and cannot be easily extended to other ones. This is mainly due to the implicit assumptions and simplifications made within the computer code. Another important issue relates to the acceptance of the fire risk assessment methodologies for fire safety designs. Some of the reasons include the lack of education and technology transfer to educate designers and code officials on the use and usefulness of these methods, as well as the lack of proper validation of the models. http://jorar.ir/article-1-172-en.pdf Fire building fire risk assessment risk assessment models per Iran Helal Applied Science Higher Education Institute Quarterly Scientific Journal of Rescue and Relief 2008-4544 2008-529x 2014-01 5 4 113 99 article Navvab Shamspour navabshamspour@gmail.com 1 Hassan Ashrafzadeh 2 Researcher, Red Crescent Society of Iran Introduction: At the World Red Cross Conference held in Geneva in 1906, Iran was the only Muslim country present at the conference, and the final decision had to be made with the other members on the symbol of the relief flag, which was the Red Cross. The conference took place at a time when the atmosphere was strongly anti-Ottoman and anti-Muslim, and the world was on the verge of classifying countries for the outbreak of World War I. The Christian governments, especially the representatives of the Balkan governments, took such a stand against the Ottomans and the use of the crescent moon as the flag of the Muslim Relief Organization that only the Red Cross, the Lion and the Red Sun were supposed to be adopted as official symbols. The moon changed the conference atmosphere. Unfortunately, this victory of the Iranian diplomatic apparatus and Momtaz ol-Saltaneh, the Iranian Prime Minister in Paris, was ignored and less paid attention to in the first Pahlavi historiography. In this historical study, according to the documents obtained, we discuss the role of Iran in recognizing the Red Crescent symbol. http://jorar.ir/article-1-173-en.pdf Red Crescent Society Red Cross MomtazolSaltaneh Geneva Conference 1906