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Challenges and Opportunities of Using Artificial Intelligence in Humanitarian Actions 2 2 Letter to the Editor 1 3 2025/03/4 1403/12/14 2025/01/16 1403/10/27 الهه علیپور Elahe Alipour PhD in Educational Management, Islamic Azad University, South Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran iran alipour2e2a@yahoo.com Artificial intelligence (AI) Humanitarian actions Challenges Opportunities Rejali S, Heiniger Y. The role of digital technologies in humanitarian law, policy and action: charting a path forward. International review of the Red Cross. 2020;102 (913):1-22.##Beduschi A. Harnessing the potential of artificial intelligence for humanitarian action: Opportunities and risks. International Review of the Red Cross. 2022;104(919):1149-69.##IFRC. Forecast-based Financing: a new era for the humanitarian system [Internet] 2019. Germany; Available from: https://www.forecast-based-financing.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/DRK_ Broschuere_2019_new_era.pdf##Wynants L, Van Calster B, Collins GS, Riley RD, Heinze G, Schuit E, Albu E, Arshi B, Bellou V, Bonten MM, Dahly DL. Prediction models for diagnosis and prognosis of covid-19: systematic review and critical appraisal. bmj.2020;369.##Wamsley D, Chin-Yee B. COVID-19, digital health technology and the politics of the unprecedented. Big Data & Society. 2021;8(1).##Padhee S, Saha TK, Tetreault J, Jaimes A. Clustering of social media messages for humanitarian aid response during crisis.10.48550/arXiv.2007.11756.2020 Available from: https://blogs.icrc.org/inspired/2019/09/ 06/humanitarian-artificial-intelligence##International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC). Rewards and Risks in Humanitarian AI: An Example. [Internet] 2019. Switzerland; [cited 6 September 2019]. Available from: https://blogs.icrc.org/ inspired/2019/09/06/humanitarian-artificial-intelligence/##Misiura J, Verity A. Chatbots in the Humanitarian Field. Concepts, Uses and Shortfalls, [Internet]. Relief Web: 2019. Digital Humanitarian Network. [cited 31 May 2019]. Available from: https://reliefweb.int/report/world/chatbots-humanitarian-field-concepts-uses-shortfalls##Crawford K. Atlas of AI: power, politics, and the planetary costs of artificial intelligence, New Haven: Yale University Press. 2021.##Jones ML, Edenberg E. Troubleshooting AI and Consent. Edited by Markus D et al, The Oxford Handbook of Ethics of AI 2020; online ed, Oxford Academic, [9 July 2020 accessed 26 Apr. 2025],##Castelvecchi D. Is facial recognition too biased to be let loose? Nature. 2020;587(7834):347-349.## ##

Designing a Communication Model of Perceived Organizational Support and Social Capital with Emotional Intelligence of HRs in Crisis Management of the RCS of Yazd Province, Iran Designing a Communication Model of Perceived Organizational Support and Social Capital with Emotional Intelligence of HRs in Crisis Management of the RCS of Yazd Province 2 1 INTRODUCTION: Perceived organizational support facilitates employees' tendency to identify the humanitarian characteristics of an organization. Social capital encompasses concepts such as trust, cooperation, and collaboration among members of a group or society, forming a purposeful system that guides them toward achieving goals. Also, emotional intelligence represents an evolved form of attention to human resources in organizations and serves as a modern and appropriate tool for managers to control crises and guide individuals toward organizational objectives. METHODS: This study is of a survey-cross-sectional type in terms of its applied purpose. The statistical population includes all senior staff and experts of the Red Crescent Society of Yazd province, 220 people were selected as a sample using Morgan's table. FINDINGS: This study utilized causal relationships based on structural equations. The PLS model was tested based on two models, initially evaluating external models. The validity and reliability estimates of external models were assessed according to the criteria proposed in the reflective and mixed external models, then the internal model was evaluated. The external model, equivalent to the measurement model in covariance-based structural equation models, determined the relationship between latent variables and observed indicators. CONCLUSION: The results indicate that the coefficient of influence of perceived organizational support on emotional intelligence is significant  and 0.8% of the variance of perceived organizational support is shared with emotional intelligence based on the Coefficient of Determination (R2). 2 INTRODUCTION: Perceived organizational support facilitates employees' tendency to identify the humanitarian characteristics of an organization. Social capital encompasses concepts such as trust, cooperation, and collaboration among members of a group or society, forming a purposeful system that guides them toward achieving goals. Also, emotional intelligence represents an evolved form of attention to human resources in organizations and serves as a modern and appropriate tool for managers to control crises and guide individuals toward organizational objectives. METHODS: This study is of a survey-cross-sectional type in terms of its applied purpose. The statistical population includes all senior staff and experts of the Red Crescent Society of Yazd province, 220 people were selected as a sample using Morgan's table. FINDINGS: This study utilized causal relationships based on structural equations. The PLS model was tested based on two models, initially evaluating external models. The validity and reliability estimates of external models were assessed according to the criteria proposed in the reflective and mixed external models, then the internal model was evaluated. The external model, equivalent to the measurement model in covariance-based structural equation models, determined the relationship between latent variables and observed indicators. CONCLUSION: The results indicate that the coefficient of influence of perceived organizational support on emotional intelligence is significant  and 0.8% of the variance of perceived organizational support is shared with emotional intelligence based on the Coefficient of Determination (R2). 4 11 2025/03/42023/12/5 1402/9/14 2025/01/162025/01/7 1403/10/18 علیرضا ابراهیمی Alireza Ebrahimi Department of Human Resources Management, Isf.C.,Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran iran ealireza1388@gmail.com Perceived organizational support Social capital Emotional intelligence Human resources. : Perceived organizational support Social capital Emotional intelligence Human resources. Moazzenizadeh A. [Examining the impact of social capital on organizational silence in Hamedan province social security organization (Persian)]. 7th International Conference on Management, Psychology and Humanities with Sustainable Development Approach, Tehran. 2021.##Asadullah A., Juhdi N.B., et al. The effect of reinforcement and punishment on employee performance. ABC Journal of Advanced Research; 2019; 8(2): 47-58##Gholampour, E., Kalateh, A., Bahramzadeh, Z., Bahramzadeh, H. [Investigating the effect of destructive leadership on employee performance with the mediating role of perceived organizational support (Persian)]. 5th National Conference on Interdisciplinary Research in Engineering and Management, 2 December 2022; Tehran, Iran. 2022.##Collins, B.J. Fair? I don't care: examining the moderating effect of workplace cynicism on the relationship between interactional fairness and perceptions of organizational support from a social exchange perspective. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies. 2017; 24(3): 401-413.##Lin, Z., Yizhong, X., Baranchenko, Y., Lau, C.K. and Ma, J. The influences of transformational leadership on employee employability: evidence from China. Employee Relations. 2019; 41(1): 101-118##Kahsari F. [Investigating the relationship between perceived organizational support and social capital in employees of Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources (Persian)], First International Conference on Management Capability, Industrial Engineering, Accounting and Economics; 17 May 2023; Babol, Iran. 2023##Bagheri F, Akbarizadeh F, Hatami HR. [The relationship between nurses' spiritual intelligence and happiness in Iran (Persian)], Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences. 2010;5:1556-1561##Besharat MA. [Investigating the effect of emotional intelligence on the quality of social relationships (Persian)]. Psychological Studies. 2005;1(2&3):25-38.##Cassady, J. C., Eissa, M. A. (Eds). Emotional intelligence: Perspectives on educational and positive psychology (Counterpoints). Publisher: Peter Lang Inc., International Academic Publishers; New edition; 29 May 2008; New York. 2008##Ciarrochi J., Deane F.P., Anderson S. Emotional intelligence moderates the relationship between stress and mental health. Personality and Individual Differences. 2020; 32: 197-209##Farghdani A. [The analysis of the relationship between exciting intelligence and social adaptability of B.A female students of faculty of psychology and educational science (Persian)], Allameh Tabatabaei University. (Dissertation) Iran. Tehran. Faculty of psychology. 2019: 59-68.##Lyons, J.B., Schneider, T.R. The influence of emotional intelligence on performance. Personality and Individual Differences. 2018; 39(4): 693-703.##Schutte, N.S., Malouff, J.M., Thorsteinsson, E.B., Bhullar, N., Rooke, S.E. A meta-analytic investigation of the relationship between emotional intelligence and health. Personality and Individual Differences. 2010; 42(6): 921-33##Farajzadeh A, Ziaeipour A, Pakseresht M.H, Yousefi A. The effect of perceived organizational support on job performance with regard to the mediating role of organizational silence in Shiraz Municipality, Second International Conference on Interdisciplinary Studies in Health Sciences, Psychology, Management and Educational Sciences; 21 October 2021; Montreal, Canada. 2021##Bagheri F., Akbarizadeh F., Hatami, H. [The relationship between nurses' spiritual intelligence and happiness in Iran (Persian)]. 2010; 5:1556-61.##Azar A, Gholamzadeh R, Qanavati M. [Path-Structure Modeling in Management: Application of SmartPLS Software (Persian)]. First ed. Tehran: Negah Danesh publication; 2013.##Basfeharjani, M., Sanatkhah, A. [The effect of emotional intelligence on COVID-19 crisis management characteristics with the mediating role of organizational commitment: from the perspective of Sirjan emergency 115 personnel (Persian)]. Modern Research and Theories in Public Administration. 2021; 1(1): 56-71.##Sarafarazi M, Khorram Dabiri AR, Khadivar MR. [Perceived organizational support and transformational leadership are influential indicators on improving organizational performance (Persian)], 7th National Conference on Innovation and Research in Management, Psychology and Education; 4 February 2022; Tehran, Iran. 2022##Jamali Cherosh H, Azami M. [Investigating the relationship between social capital and perceived organizational support, case study: Mellat Bank branches in Lorestan province (Persian)], Third International Conference on Accounting, Management and Innovation in Business; 17 August 2018; Karaj, Iran. 2018##Mokhtaripour M, Sayadat SA, Amiri SH. [Investigating the relationship between emotional intelligence with human resource management, effective group leadership and career advancement. (Persian)]. Improvement and Change Management Studies. 2006; 13(52): 41-56.## ##

A Study of The Coastal Care Education-Based Program in Gilan Province, Summer 2023 بررسی برنامه آموزش محور مراقبت ساحلی: مطالعه موردی استان گیلان، تابستان سال ۱۴۰۲ 2 1 مقدمه: همه ساله با آغاز سفرهای تابستانی به سواحل گیلان، مرگ‌ومیر ناشی از غرق شدگی در دریا و شناگاهای تفریحی موجب ایجاد خسارات جبران ناپذیری می‌گردد. در خرداد ماه‌ سال1402جمعیت هلال احمر استان ‌گیلان برنامه آموزش محور مراقبت ساحلی را با هدف کاهش  میزان مرگ ‌و میر درسوانح دریایی، به مرحله اجرا در آورد. لذا پژوهش حاضر، با هدف بررسی میزان اثربخشی برنامه آموزش محور مراقبت ساحلی گیلان، انجام گرفته است. روش: این پژوهش مشاهده‌ای از نوع توصیفی-تحلیلی و داده‌ها از طریق توزیع پرسشنامه "محقق ساخته" با 45 گویه در مقیاس لیکرت 5 گزینه ای و مرتبط با اثربخشی برنامه مراقبت ساحلی در کاهش حوادث ساحلی، جمع‌آوری گردیده است. قابلیت اعتماد Reliability پرسشنامه با ضریب (0.7) آلفای کرونباخ تایید و روائی پرسشنامه توسط 12نفر از پاسخگویان خارج از نمونه مورد مطالعه بررسی و قابل قبول اعلام گردید. جامعه آماری این تحقیق شامل: عوامل نظارتی، نجاتگران، ناجیان غریق، مراقبین ساحلی، مربیان آموزش میدانی، امدادگران و نجاتگران و اعضای جوان جمعیت هلال احمر استان گیلان (450=N) است. تعیین حجم نمونه پژوهش، با استفاده از جدول کرجسی مورگان، 207 نفر (207=n) محاسبه شد. برای تجزیه ‌و تحلیل داده‌ها از نرم‌افزار(SPSS.27.1)  استفاده شد. یافته‌ها: با بررسی ویژگی‌های جمعیت‌‌شناسی افراد مورد مطالعه مشخص شد،  بیشترین فراوانی مربوط به گروه سنی 30 تا44 سال با 89 نفر (43.0درصد) است. 123 نفر (59.4درصد) از پاسخگویان مرد هستند. تحصیلات کاردانی و کارشناسی هر کدام با 59 نفر (28.5درصد) بیشترین فراوانی را دارد. 45 گویه مندرج در پرسشنامه، به شش بخش دموگرافیک (5گویه)، مهارت خود امدادی (8گویه)، آگاهی از اطلاعات سواحل(8گویه)، آگاهی از خطرات ساحلی(8گویه)، مهارت کاربرد تجهیزات شناوری(8گویه) و تجربیات ساحلی (8گویه) دسته بندی شدند. 12سوال با بیشترین میانگین پاسخ به عنوان عوامل موثر برنامه آموزش محور معرفی شدند. همبستگی بین انتخاب محل ایمن برای شنا توسط گردشگران معنی دار براورد شد (P<0.05). نتیجه گیری: نتایج تحقیق نشان می‌دهد اجرای موفق طرح سالمسازی دریا با رویکرد پیشگیری از وقوع حوادث منجر به غرق شدگی و انتخاب محل امن شنا، ابتدا به توسعه برنامه آموزش محور مراقبت ساحلی از جمله آموزش چهره به چهره و بعد به تامین سلامت نوار ساحلی وابسته است.   2 INTRODUCTION: Deaths from drowning at sea and recreational diving annually cause irreparable damage with the start of summer trips to the coasts of Gilan. Thus, the present study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of the coastal care education-based program. METHODS: In this descriptive-analytical study, data were collected with a 45-item researcher-made questionnaire on a 5-point Likert scale. The reliability and the validity of the questionnaire was confirmed with a Cronbach's alpha (0.7) and by 12 specialists. The statistical population (N=450) includes supervisory agents, rescuers, lifeguards, coastal guards, field training instructors, relief workers, and young members of the Red Crescent Society of Gilan province. Finally, 207 people selected and studied using Morgan table. Data analyzed using SPSS-27 software. FINDINGS: According to the findings, the age group of 30 to 44 years has the highest frequency with 89 people (43.0%), a total of 123 respondents (59.4%) were male and associate and bachelor's degrees each have the highest frequency with 59 people (28.5%). The 45-items questionnaire were categorized into six sections including demographics (5 items), self-help skills (8 items), knowledge of coastal information (8 items), knowledge of coastal hazards (8 items), skills in using buoyancy equipment (8 items), and coastal experiences (8 items). About 12 questions with the highest mean responses were identified as effective factors of the education-based program. The correlation between the selection of safe places for swimming by tourists was estimated to be significant (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: The results of the study showed that the successful implementation of the sea sanitation plan with the approach of preventing drowning incidents and selecting safe swimming locations depends on the development of a coastal care education program, including face-to-face education, and then on ensuring the health of the coastal strip. 12 18 2025/03/42023/12/52025/02/2 1403/11/14 2025/01/162025/01/72025/01/21 1403/11/2 هادی سلیمی Hadi Salimi Department of Health in Emergencies and Disasters, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran iran سعید یعقوبی کوپایی Saeed Yaghoubi Koupaei iran yaghoubi.saeid@gmail.com مرتضی ادهمی Morteza Adhami Farshami MA, Gilan Red Crescent Society, Lahijan, Iran iran moridellavang@gmail.com Coastal care Prevention Awareness Field training Red Crescent Society مراقبت ساحلی-پیشگیری-آگاهی بخشی-آموزش میدانی Darvishi R, Rezaei M, Shams-al-Dini A. [Investigating the role of coastal tourism in economic development from the perspective of citizens (case study: Bandar Deylam) (Persian)], Journal of Geography (Regional Planning). 2019; 8(4): 411-426.##Ramezannejad Y, Roknadin Eftekhari A. [Strategies for developing rural coastal tourism in Gilan province. Journal of Studies of Human Settlements Planning(Persian)]. 2020;1(14):19-34.##Qoreishi Minabad M, Motamedimehr A, Faramarzigaroos N. [Performance evaluation of coastal tourism complexes (case study: Morvarid Khazar Complex in Rasht city) (Persian)].2011; 1(4): 29-40.##Ramezannejad Y, Roknadin Eftekhari A. [Evaluation of the management capacity of organizations in charge of rural coastal tourism destinations in Gilan province (Persian)]. Human Geography Research. 2020; 51(1): 97-110.##[Number of drownings on the coasts of Gilan province increased by 50% (Persian)] [Internet] Tasnim News Agency; August 2, 2022, Available from: https://tn.ai/2751748##Mirdar S, Bakhshandeh A. [Profile of drowning of tourists on the coast of the Caspian Sea during the years 2002-2007(Persian)]. Sport Physiology (Research in Sports Sciences). 2009;6(23):13-22.##Hajinejad A, Aghaei V, Hajipour N. [Evaluating the role of awareness of tourism attractions in the development of ecotourism (Case study: awareness survey of experts and tourists in Ardabil province) (Persian)]. Journal of Geography and Regional Development. 2018;16(2):125-151.##Abedi Samakoush M, Farzan F, Dousti M. [The study of effective factors in attracting active sports tourists to coastal tourism in the Caspian Sea (Persian)]. Journal of Marine Sciences and Technologies. 2019; 18(3): 61-74.##Ahmadi Nodeh KH. [Principles and methods of psychological intervention in disaster crises (Persian)]. Journal of Military Medicine. 2004;6(1):45-51.##Zabihzadeh Gerdroodbari, F. [Investigating the level of job satisfaction of lifeguards in the sea sanitation projects of Mazandaran province (Persian)], [dissertation], Shomal University, Amol; 2014. 240p.##Ghaderi A, Bagheri F, Farzin M, Kazemian G. [Coastal Tourism Management; Analysis of an Integrated Approach (Persian)]. Journal of Tourism and Development. 2018; 7(4): 175-204.##Moogouei R, Hosseini S, Almozafar R. [Strategic programming of coastal tourism (case study: Nowshahr) (Persian)]. Journal of Oceanography. 2017;8 (29): 25-33##Iqbal A, Tahmina S & et al. Childhood mortality due to drowning in rural Matlab of Bangladesh: magnitude of the problem and proposed solutions. Journal of Health, Population, And Nutrition. 2007; 25(3): 370-6.##Mousavi M, Abdollahzadeh M, Safaralizadeh A. [Coastal Tourism: Management and Planning(Persian)]. Publisher: Arad Ketab. 2nd edition. 2023## ##

Investigating the Vulnerability of Mehdishahr County to Natural Hazards with a Comprehensive Risk and Crisis Management Approach Investigating the Vulnerability of Mehdishahr County to Natural Hazards with a Comprehensive Risk and Crisis Management Approach 2 1 INTRODUCTION: Today, natural crises have become an inseparable reality of human life, and one of the key measures to prevent the destructive consequences of natural disasters in any region is the identification and zoning of natural hazards. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to identify the factors affecting the occurrence and zoning of natural hazards within Mehdishahr county, Semnan province. METHODS: This research was conducted using a mixed method(quantitative and qualitative) and the status of risk and crisis management in Mehdishahr was examined. Data were collected from existing documents, interviews with key stakeholders (local officials, experts, and representatives of local communities), and analysis of statistical data related to past incidents. Using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) method, the factors under study were compared in pairs and the weight of each was calculated. FINDINGS: According to the findings, floods have the greatest impact on the riverbed and distance from it, the river parameter with 0.335 plays more than one-third of the flood risk, and land use with 0.096 has the lowest sensitivity. Also, faults with 0.370 are considered the most important and land type with 0.087 is the least important factor in causing earthquakes. Based on the results obtained from the AHP model, human factors, especially roads and paths, have the greatest impact on the occurrence of landslides, and along rivers they account for one-third of the factors affecting the occurrence of landslides. CONCLUSION: Considering the factors affecting the occurrence of natural disasters in Mehdishahr county, some preventive measures are necessary to preserve natural resources and the environment, ensure sustainable economic and social development, and reduce vulnerability, including: changing land use and respecting the privacy of rivers, preventing construction on the banks of rivers, stabilizing and stabilizing slopes, observing building regulations, and strengthening local capacities through education, empowerment, and promoting public and specialized awareness. 2 INTRODUCTION: Today, natural crises have become an inseparable reality of human life, and one of the key measures to prevent the destructive consequences of natural disasters in any region is the identification and zoning of natural hazards. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to identify the factors affecting the occurrence and zoning of natural hazards within Mehdishahr county, Semnan province. METHODS: This research was conducted using a mixed method (quantitative and qualitative) and the status of risk and crisis management in Mehdishahr was examined. Data were collected from existing documents, interviews with key stakeholders (local officials, experts, and representatives of local communities), and analysis of statistical data related to past incidents. Using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) method, the factors under study were compared in pairs and the weight of each was calculated. FINDINGS: According to the findings, floods have the greatest impact on the riverbed and distance from it, the river parameter with 0.335 plays more than one-third of the flood risk, and land use with 0.096 has the lowest sensitivity. Also, faults with 0.370 are considered the most important and land type with 0.087 is the least important factor in causing earthquakes. Based on the results obtained from the AHP model, human factors, especially roads and paths, have the greatest impact on the occurrence of landslides, and along rivers they account for one-third of the factors affecting the occurrence of landslides. CONCLUSION: Considering the factors affecting the occurrence of natural disasters in Mehdishahr county, some preventive measures are necessary to preserve natural resources and the environment, ensure sustainable economic and social development, and reduce vulnerability, including: changing land use and respecting the privacy of rivers, preventing construction on the banks of rivers, stabilizing and stabilizing slopes, observing building regulations, and strengthening local capacities through education, empowerment, and promoting public and specialized awareness. 19 28 2025/03/42023/12/52025/02/22025/01/29 1403/11/10 2025/01/162025/01/72025/01/212025/02/22 1403/12/4 علی اصغر هدائی Aliasghar Hodaei Assistant Professor, Department of Rescue and Relief, Iran Helal Applied Science Higher Education Institute, Tehran, Iran iran hodaei.aa02@gmail.com وحید فیضی Vahid Feizi Assistant Professor, PhD in Climatology, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran iran vahid.feizi62@gmail.com مریم ملاشاهی Maryam Mollashahi Assistant Professor, Department of Forestry in Arid Regions, Faculty of Desert Studies, Semnan University, Semnan, Iran iran maryam.mollashahi@semnan.ac.ir علی خداداد Ali Khodadad Administrator of the Governorate of Mehdishahr county iran Crisis management Analytic Hierarchy Process Sustainable development Mehdishahr County Crisis Management Analytic Hierarchy Process Sustainable Development Mehdishahr County Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). 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[Earthquake hazard zoning in Shahrekord region (Persian)], 5th International Conference on Seismology and Earthquake Engineering, Tehran. 2007, Available form: https://civilica.com/doc/15834##Building resilience: integrating climate and disaster risk into development .[Internet]. The World Bank Group experience: Main report (English). Washington DC; World Bank. Available from: http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/762871481 48506173##Hodaei A, Feizi V, Norouzi R. [Evaluation of potential quake in old textures risks due to ear case study: eastern Sangelaj in Tehran, District 12 (Persian)]. Journal of Rescue & Relief. 2013; 5 (3):1-17##Zarbakhsh A, Keshavarz A. [Community awareness and response to natural disasters: evidence from Iran (Persian)]. Journal of Disaster Prevention and Management. 2021; 30(4), 534-552.##Singh R., Agarwal P., Kumari S. Community resilience in natural disaster response: An integrated approach. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences. 2023; 23(3): 889-903.##Kahraman C., Şen, K. The Delphi method: a comprehensive review of its applications in the field of management. Journal of Operations Research. 2022; 10(2): 135-153.##Saaty T.L. AHP: the analytic hierarchy process. Journal of Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis. 2021; 28 (1): 37-53.##Deelstra A, Bristow D. Assessing the effectiveness of disaster risk reduction strategies on the regional recovery of critical infrastructure systems, Resilient Cities and Structures. 2023; 2(3):41-52.##Hodaei A, Feizi V. [Analysis of the role of dispersion of rural settlements against natural hazards in south Khorasan province (Persian)]. Journal of Rescue & Relief. 2021; 13 (3): 202-213.##Hodaei A, Feizi V, Najafi M, Mollashahi M. [Spatial analysis of floods in Mazandaran province and strategies to increase resilience using the crisis management approach (Persian)]. Journal of Rescue & Relief. 2023; 15 (1) :64-75##Shadfar S, Yamani M, Ghodousi J, Ghayoumian J. [Landslide hazard zoning using the analytic hierarchy process (case study: Chalkroud Tonekabon watershed) (Persian)]. Journal of Research and Construction. 2007; 20(2):118-126.##Mirzaei F, Fadhl L. Vulnerability assessment and management in urban environments: a case study of Iran. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction. 2021; 62: 102334.##Zhang L., Chen Y., Wang H. Urbanization and disaster vulnerability: a review of the literature. Natural Hazards Review. 2022; 23(1): 05022001##Patel A., Bansal V. Impacts of climate change on urban disaster vulnerability: Evidence from South Asia. Journal of Environmental Science & Policy. 2023;135: 156-168.##Pérez, A., López, E., Castillo, J. Applications of the Delphi method in disaster risk management. International Journal of Disaster Risk Science. 2021; 12(4): 566-578.##1. Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). [Internet]. United States: Emergency Management Institute (EMI) Courses. [Cited 2023] Available from: https://training.fema.gov/emicourses/##2. World urbanization prospects: The 2018 revision. [Internet]. New York: United Nations; 2019. Available from: https://population.un.org/wup/assets/WUP2018-Report .pdf ##3. United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNDRR). [Internet]. Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030. [Cited 18 March 2015] Available from: https://www.undrr.org/media/16176/download?start Download=20250429##4. Mousavi S R. Rashedi H. Bidhendi GH, N. [The role of crisis management in reducing socio– psychological vulnerabilities after natural disasters (case study: citizens of Bam city) (Persian)]. Journal of Environmental Energy and Economic Research. 2018; 2(3):187-196. ##5. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Cambridge University Press: [Cited June 2023] https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009157896##6. 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Studying the effect of the Single-Module Educational System of the Comprehensive University of Applied Sciences on the Knowledge and Skills of First Aid in IRCS Rapid Response Teams in Northwestern Provinces, Iran Studying the effect of the Single-Module Educational System of the Comprehensive University of Applied Sciences on the Knowledge and Skills of First Aid in IRCS Rapid Response Teams in Northwestern Provinces, Iran 2 1 INTRODUCTION: The modular curriculum system is a powerful tool for empowerment in the labor market, due to the strengthening of certain specific skills for employed individuals or individuals who intend to work in jobs with special skills. this study was conducted to investigate the effect of single-module educational system on the knowledge and skills of first aid in the IRCS rapid response teams in northwestern provinces, Iran. METHODS: In this descriptive-analytical study, data collection was done through pre and post-test scores as a measure of first aid knowledge in the study group. All aid workers of rapid response teams in the mentioned provinces (63 people) were examined and selected. The knowledge and skills of the participants before and after training were assessed using questions designed by expert trainers. FINDINGS: The findings showed that the total information of the selected aid workers from four northwestern provinces of the country including Ardabil (16 people), West Azerbaijan (17 people), East Azerbaijan (15 people) and Zanjan (15 people) was analyzed after the first aid modular curriculum training. The participants were all male with a mean age of 31.6±5.3 years. The mean theoretical scores of aid workers in all provinces increased significantly after the training (p<0.001). CONCLUSION: According to the results, the comparison of theoretical scores before training among the four provinces indicates a significant difference between the average knowledge of aid workers before training; so that East Azerbaijan and West Azerbaijan provinces have the lowest and highest average theoretical scores, respectively, which is a significant difference. The difference in the average skill scores in the four provinces after training is significant, so that Ardabil and East Azerbaijan provinces have the highest and lowest average skill scores, respectively.   2 INTRODUCTION: The modular curriculum system is a powerful tool for empowerment in the labor market, due to the strengthening of certain specific skills for employed individuals or individuals who intend to work in jobs with special skills. this study was conducted to investigate the effect of single-module educational system on the knowledge and skills of first aid in the IRCS rapid response teams in northwestern provinces, Iran. METHODS: In this descriptive-analytical study, data collection was done through pre and post-test scores as a measure of first aid knowledge in the study group. All aid workers of rapid response teams in the mentioned provinces (63 people) were examined and selected. The knowledge and skills of the participants before and after training were assessed using questions designed by expert trainers. FINDINGS: The findings showed that the total information of the selected aid workers from four northwestern provinces of the country including Ardabil (16 people), West Azerbaijan (17 people), East Azerbaijan (15 people) and Zanjan (15 people) was analyzed after the first aid modular curriculum training. The participants were all male with a mean age of 31.6±5.3 years. The mean theoretical scores of aid workers in all provinces increased significantly after the training (p<0.001). CONCLUSION: According to the results, the comparison of theoretical scores before training among the four provinces indicates a significant difference between the average knowledge of aid workers before training; so that East Azerbaijan and West Azerbaijan provinces have the lowest and highest average theoretical scores, respectively, which is a significant difference. The difference in the average skill scores in the four provinces after training is significant, so that Ardabil and East Azerbaijan provinces have the highest and lowest average skill scores, respectively. 29 33 2025/03/42023/12/52025/02/22025/01/292025/03/1 1403/12/11 2025/01/162025/01/72025/01/212025/02/222025/01/16 1403/10/27 زهرا ملامحمدعلیان مهریزی Zahra Mollamohammad Alian Mehrizi Assistant Professor, Iran Helal Applied Science Higher Education Institute, IRCS, Tehran, Iran iran zmehrizi@yahoo.com Single-module First aid Rapid response team Red Crescent Society (RCS) knowledge Skills. Smith, J., Brown, L., Taylor, M. Skill-based training in first aid and its impact on emergency response time. Journal of Emergency Education, 2021; 25(3):45-65.##Johnson, P., Lee, K. Simulation-based training in first aid: A systematic review. International Journal of Medical Training, 2022;18(4): 78-90.##Williams, S., Johnson, D. Reducing anxiety in emergency situations through skill-based training. Journal of Emergency Response, 2023; 30(2): 112-125.##Carter, R., Green, S., Patel, N. Modular skill-oriented training programs: Enhancing first aid education. Training and Development Quarterly, 2020; 34(2): 102-118.##Nguyen, T., Tran, Q. Community-based first aid training and its impact on disaster preparedness. Asian Journal of Emergency Management, 2021;10(3): 67-80.##Wang, Y., Zhao, X. The effectiveness of blended theoretical and practical training in emergency response. Journal of Practical Training, 2023; 29(1): 65-80.##Brown, A., Kim, H. Best practices in first aid training: The role of simulation and practice. Emergency Skills Journal, 2021; 12(3): 45-56.##Lin, F., Chen, H. Cost-effectiveness of blended learning in first aid training. Journal of Educational Economics, 2022; 20(4): 78-89.##Kim, J., Park, S., Lee, H. Artificial intelligence in skill-based education: Personalizing first aid training. AI in Education Quarterly, 2023;11(1): 23-39.##O'Connor, M., Evans, L. Lifelong learning in emergency response training: A necessity. Journal of Continuing Education, 2023; 35(1): 45-60.## ##

Pathology of Disaster Management Polices Implementation in the Rescue and Relief Operations of the IRCS شناسایی آسیب های اجرای خط مشی های مدیریت بلایا در عملیاتهای امداد و نجات جمعیت هلال ایران 2 1 مقدمه: ایران، کشوری با تنوع جغرافیایی و اقلیمی همواره در معرض انواع بلایای طبیعی و انسان‌ساخت است که نه تنها جان و مال مردم را تهدید می‌کند بلکه چالش‌های جدی را نیز برای نظام مدیریت  موثر بلایا در کشور ایجاد می‌نماید. در این میان، جمعیت هلال احمر، از مهم‌ترین نهادهای امدادرسان با اجرای صحیح خطمشی­ها به عنوان فرایند تبدیل اهداف به اقدامات عملی برای رسیدن به نتایج مطلوب، در مدیریت بلایاو عملیات‌های امداد و نجات نقش بسیارمهمی در پاسخگویی موثر و کاهش تلفات دارد. پژوهش حاضر با هدف شناسایی آسیبهای اجرای خطمشی های مدیریت بلایا درعملیاتهای امداد و نجات جمعیت هلال احمرج. ا. ا انجام شده است. روش: این پژوهش به جهت هدف کاربردی توسعه ای و از نظر روش، آمیخته است،  گردآوری داده های کیفی به صورت میدانی و جامعه آماری بخش کیفی 12 نفر از خبرگان و مدیران هلال احمر که به روش غیر تصادفی هدفمند انتخاب شدند. داده های کیفی با روش مصاحبه نیمه ساختار یافته و اصل اشباع نظری انجام گرفت و داده ها با نرم افزار Maxqda -2022 تحلیل شد.در بخش کمّی 365 نفر از مدیران و کارشناسان مرتبط با موضوع در سطح کشوربه روش نمونه گیری خوشه ای چند مرحله ای انتخاب شدند که پس از اتمام فرایند کیفی تحقیق و مشخص شدن شاخص ها و ارتباط بین آنها پرسشنامه­ای با 36 گویه بر اساس طیف 5 لیکرتی بر مبنای ساختار تنظیم شد در مرحله بعد با توجه به توزیع پرسشنامه و گردآوری داده های کمی از روش های آماری توصیفی و استنباطی شامل تحلیل عاملی تاییدی، با استفاده از نرم افزار PLS بهره گرفته شد. یافته ها: طبق یافته ها، اجرای خط‌مشی‌های مدیریت بلایا در عملیات‌های امداد و نجات هلال احمر ایران با چالش‌های متعددی روبه‌روست که بر اثربخشی عملیات‌ها تأثیرگذارند. در تحلیل نتایج کیفی 8 مضمون فراگیر19 مضمون سازمان دهنده و 36 مضمون پایه استخراج گردید که در تحلیل نتایج بخش کمی این ابعاد که شامل :منابع و تجهیزات 561/0 خط مشی ها 868/0 توانمندسازی و مهارت921/0 تصمیم گیری 859/0 ساختار سازمانی 912/0 اطلاعات و ارتباطات 637/0 مشارکت مردم 610/0 و شرایط اقتصادی- سیاسی و اجتماعی 573/0 همگی تاثیرات معنا دار و مثبتی را بر اجرای خط‌مشی‌های مدیریت بلایا دارند. که بیشترین تاثیر را توانمندسازی نیروی انسانی 921/0و ساختار سازمانی 912/0 بر کارآیی عملیات‌های امدادی دارند. نتایج : باتوجه به نتایج به دست آمده فقدان منابع و ساختار سازمانی مناسب، کمبود تجهیزات به‌روز، ضعف در مهارت‌های نیروی انسانی و نقص در هماهنگی بین سازمان‌ها از چالش‌های اساسی در اجرای خط‌مشی‌های مدیریت بلایا در عملیاتهای امداد و نجات شناخته شده‌است. همچنین، بهبود مدیریت منابع انسانی، ارتقای آموزش‌ها و توانمندسازی تیم‌های امدادی، طراحی خط‌مشی‌های شفاف، قابل اجرا و افزایش مشارکت مردم و سازمان‌های غیردولتی می‌تواند موجب بهبود و اثر بخشی چشمگیر عملیات‌های امدادی شود.اجرای صحیح خط‌مشی‌های مدیریت بلایا در عملیاتهای امداد و نجات می‌تواند کارآیی جمعیت هلال‌احمر را در مواجهه با بحران بلایا و حوادث به‌طور چشمگیری افزایش دهد. و علاوه بر اینکه ازتلف شدن جان انسانها و هدر رفت منابع جلوگیری می کند، جامعه را به سمت توسعه پایدار حرکت خواهد داد.   2 INTRODUCTION: Iran, a country characterized by diverse geographical and climatic conditions, is constantly exposed to various natural and manmade disasters. Also, Iranian Red Crescent Society (IRCS), as one of the most critical relief organizations, plays a pivotal role in rescue and relief operations. Accordingly, this study attempted to identify the challenges associated with the implementation of disaster management policies in the rescue and relief operations of the IRCS. METHODS: In this mixed method research, qualitative data were collected through field research, with 12 experts and managers from IRCS, selected through non-random purposive sampling using semi-structured interviews following the theoretical saturation and was analyzed with MAXQDA-2022 software; in the quantitative phase, a total of 365 managers and experts were selected across the country using a multi-stage cluster sampling. Then, a 36-item researcher-made questionnaire was developed using a five-point Likert scale and descriptive and inferential statistical methods were employed using SmartPLS software. FINDINGS: The findings indicate that the implementation of disaster management policies in the rescue and relief operations of the IRCS faces numerous challenges. The qualitative analysis identified 8 global themes, 19 organizing themes, and 36 basic themes. In the quantitative phase, the following dimensions were found to have significant positive effects on the implementation of disaster management policies: resources and equipment (0.561), policy (0.868), empowerment and skills (0.921), decision-making (0.859), organizational structure (0.912), information and communication (0.637), public participation (0.610) and economic, political, and social conditions (0.573). among these, human resource empowerment (0.921) and organizational structure (β = 0.912) exerted the greatest influence on the efficiency of relief operations. CONCLUSION: According to the results, lack of adequate resources and organizational structure, shortage of up-to-date equipment, deficiencies in workforce skills, and poor inter-organizational coordination are key challenges in implementing disaster management policies in rescue and relief operations. Furthermore, enhancing human resource management, improving training and empowerment programs for relief teams, devising transparent and actionable policies, and increasing public and NGO participation can significantly enhance the effectiveness of relief operations. The proper implementation of policies in rescue and relief operations can substantially improve the efficiency of the IRCS in the face of disasters and in addition to reducing human casualties and resource wastage, can also direct society towards sustainable development. 34 43 2025/03/42023/12/52025/02/22025/01/292025/03/12025/03/15 1403/12/25 2025/01/162025/01/72025/01/212025/02/222025/01/162025/01/22 1403/11/3 قدرت شمسی زاد Ghodrat Shamsizad iran کرم الله دانشفرد Karamollah Daneshfard Professor, Department of Public Administration, Faculty of Management and Economics, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran iran ابوالحسن فقیهی Abolhassan Faghihi Professor, Department of Public Administration, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran iran Disaster management Rescue and relief operations Policy implementation Iranian Red Crescent Society (IRCS) مدیریت بلایا عملیات امداد و نجات اجرای خط مشی جمعیت هلال احمر ایران Valadbeigi B, Poorheidari G. [Comprehensive crisis management textbook (Persian)]. First ed. Tehran. Publishers: Iranian Crisis Management Scientific Association & Arvij Iranian Company. 2012.##Mehr News Agency. [Damages from natural disasters in Iran are $5 billion annually (Persian)]. [Internet]. 5 February 2024, Available from: www.mehrnews.com/x348m9.##Hasanzadeh R., Alizadeh SH. [Multi-location logistics in relief with regard to urban infrastructure (Persian)]. Journal of Decisions and Operations Research. 2019; 4(3):245-232.##Gholami S, Abbaszadegan N. [Challenges in the social life of adolescents with their social identity as a member of the relief committee(Persian)]. Journal of Social Psychology Research. 2020; 10(40):75-96##Khademi A., Rahnama M.R., Zamanipour M. [An Analysis of the future challenges of social, institutional, and economic sustainability of Iranian metropolises (Persian)]. Journal of Regional Planning. 2021;11(42): 1-17.##Zokaie S, Jabarzadeh A, Sajadi SJ. [Designing a relief supply chain network using interval data robust optimization approach (Persian)]. International Journal of Industrial Engineering & Production Management. 2015; 26 (4):543-556.##Torkian M, Daneshfard K, Valikhan M, Pilevari N. [Model Analysis of Effective Factors on the Implementation of Crisis Management Policies (Persian)]. Journal of Rescue & Relief. 2022; 14(2): 86-96.##Qasemi Siani A, Alibeik MR, Seyedin H, Marzaleh MA, Soltani A. [Evaluation of the disaster-related information process from the perspective of managers in the IRCS (Persian)]. Journal of Rescue & Relief. 2020; 12(4):235-241.##Babaei Rayen E. [Prerequisites for Community-based Disaster Risk Management in Iran (Persian)]. Journal of Rescue & Relief. 2021;13(3):187-92.##Azzahra AA, Fudhula'i AS, Asaddullah AR et al. Analysis of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, threats in humanitarian and disaster organizations: literature review. In 3rd International Scientific Meeting on Public Health and Sports (ISMOPHS 2021). Atlantis Press International B.V. 2022; 44: 82-89.##Kanyasan K, Nonaka D, Chatouphonexay A. et al. Implementation of disaster risk reduction and management policies in a school setting in Lao PDR: a case study. Tropical Medicine and Health. 2018: 42-46.##Hu, X. Disaster Policy and Emergency Management Reforms in China: From Wenchuan Earthquake to Jiuzhaigou Earthquake. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction. 2020;52.##Valadbeigi B, Poorheidari G. [Comprehensive crisis management textbook (Persian)]. First ed. Tehran. Publishers: Iranian Crisis Management Scientific Association & Arvij Iranian Company. 2012.##Mehr News Agency. [Damages from natural disasters in Iran are $5 billion annually (Persian)]. [Internet]. 5 February 2024, Available from: www.mehrnews.com/x348m9.##Hasanzadeh R., Alizadeh SH. [Multi-location logistics in relief with regard to urban infrastructure (Persian)]. Journal of Decisions and Operations Research. 2019; 4(3):245-232.##Gholami S, Abbaszadegan N. [Challenges in the social life of adolescents with their social identity as a member of the relief committee(Persian)]. Journal of Social Psychology Research. 2020; 10(40):75-96##Khademi A., Rahnama M.R., Zamanipour M. [An Analysis of the future challenges of social, institutional, and economic sustainability of Iranian metropolises (Persian)]. Journal of Regional Planning. 2021;11(42): 1-17.##Zokaie S, Jabarzadeh A, Sajadi SJ. [Designing a relief supply chain network using interval data robust optimization approach (Persian)]. International Journal of Industrial Engineering & Production Management. 2015; 26 (4):543-556.##Torkian M, Daneshfard K, Valikhan M, Pilevari N. [Model Analysis of Effective Factors on the Implementation of Crisis Management Policies (Persian)]. Journal of Rescue & Relief. 2022; 14(2): 86-96.##Qasemi Siani A, Alibeik MR, Seyedin H, Marzaleh MA, Soltani A. [Evaluation of the disaster-related information process from the perspective of managers in the IRCS (Persian)]. Journal of Rescue & Relief. 2020; 12(4):235-241.##Babaei Rayen E. [Prerequisites for Community-based Disaster Risk Management in Iran (Persian)]. Journal of Rescue & Relief. 2021;13(3):187-92.##Azzahra AA, Fudhula'i AS, Asaddullah AR et al. Analysis of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, threats in humanitarian and disaster organizations: literature review. In 3rd International Scientific Meeting on Public Health and Sports (ISMOPHS 2021). Atlantis Press International B.V. 2022; 44: 82-89.##Kanyasan K, Nonaka D, Chatouphonexay A. et al. Implementation of disaster risk reduction and management policies in a school setting in Lao PDR: a case study. Tropical Medicine and Health. 2018: 42-46.##Hu, X. Disaster Policy and Emergency Management Reforms in China: From Wenchuan Earthquake to Jiuzhaigou Earthquake. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction. 2020;52. ##

Evaluating the Effectiveness of Public Education Courses by the Red Crescent Society on the Attitude, Knowledge, and Performance of Armed Forces Conscripts 2 1   INTRODUCTION: This study evaluates the effectiveness of the public education of Red Crescent Society (RCS) on attitude, knowledge, and performance of conscripted personnel of the Iranian armed forces towards first aid and facing of hazards and disasters. METHODS: In this descriptive and quasi-experimental study, a total of 680 armed forces conscripts across the country were evaluated using a multi-stage cluster sampling method. Based on Cochran's formula, 340 individuals were assigned to the experimental group (trained by RCS trainers) and 340 to the control group (not trained). A researcher-made questionnaire contains two sections and main components (attitude, knowledge, and performance), was developed using the Kirkpatrick evaluation model. Its content validity (CVR=0.86) and reliability (Cronbach’s alpha=0.89) were confirmed. Data analyzed using SPSS-22 included Kolmogorov-Smirnov, independent t-test, Mann-Whitney U, and chi-square tests. FINDINGS: According to the results, the RCS public education courses had a statistically significant positive effect on participants’ attitude (mean score 4.1, p<0.05), knowledge (4.0, p<0.05), and performance (3.6, p<0.05); also, total score (3.8, p<0.05) in the experimental group are lower compared to the control group (attitude 2.8, knowledge 3.7, performance 3.3, total score 3.2). CONCLUSION: The RCS public education training courses significantly improved the attitude, knowledge, and performance of conscripted armed forces personnel which these results support the continuation and potential expansion of such training initiatives to enhance military preparedness and response capability.   2 INTRODUCTION: This study evaluates the effectiveness of the public education courses (first aid and emergency preparedness) of Red Crescent Society (RCS) on attitude, knowledge, and performance of conscripted personnel of the Iranian armed forces towards first aid and facing of hazards and disasters. METHODS: In this descriptive and quasi-experimental study, a total of 680 armed forces conscripts across the country were evaluated using a multi-stage cluster sampling method. Based on Cochran's formula, 340 individuals were assigned to the experimental group (trained by RCS trainers) and 340 to the control group (not trained). A researcher-made questionnaire contains two sections and main components (attitude, knowledge, and performance), was developed using the Kirkpatrick evaluation model. Its content validity (CVR=0.86) and reliability (Cronbach’s alpha=0.89) were confirmed. Data analyzed using SPSS-22 included Kolmogorov-Smirnov, independent t-test, Mann-Whitney U, and chi-square tests. FINDINGS: According to the results, the RCS public education courses had a statistically significant positive effect on participants’ attitude (mean score 4.1, p<0.05), knowledge (4.0, p<0.05), and performance (3.6, p<0.05); also, total score (3.8, p<0.05) in the experimental group are lower compared to the control group (attitude 2.8, knowledge 3.7, performance 3.3, total score 3.2). CONCLUSION: The RCS public education training courses significantly improved the attitude, knowledge, and performance of conscripted armed forces personnel which these results support the continuation and potential expansion of such training initiatives to enhance military preparedness and response capability. 44 50 2025/03/42023/12/52025/02/22025/01/292025/03/12025/03/152025/03/30 1404/1/10 2025/01/162025/01/72025/01/212025/02/222025/01/162025/01/222025/01/3 1403/10/14 ناهید ساریخانی Nahid Sarikhani Research Center for Emergency and Disaster Resilience, Red Crescent Society of the Islamic Republic of Iran, Tehran, Iran iran آزاده سلیمان نژاد Azadeh Soleimaninejad Department of Business Management and Entrepreneurship, Farabi College, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran iran asoleimaninejad@gmail.com First Aid Emergency Preparedness Attitude Knowledge Performance Armed Forces Conscripts Training Effectiveness RCS Noe RA. Employee training and development. 8th ed. 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Sponge City: A Paradigm in Urban Flood Crisis Management 2 1   2 INTRODUCTION: Sponge city, a fundamental strategy for solving water and environmental challenges, has attracted the attention of researchers around the world in recent years. Hence, the aim of this research is to examine the sponge city as a paradigm in urban flood crisis management. METHODS: In this applied study, the research method is both descriptive and analytical. Data were collected from review articles, book chapters, grey literature, online pages, and newspaper articles. For qualitative content analysis, an inductive method was used, which combines data collection, extraction, and analysis, and gradually generates a discussion. FINDINGS: According to the findings, the sponge city model involves comprehensive improvement of urban water resources and the aquatic environment in urban areas and a way to respond to water challenges and environmental degradation, promising to resolve environmental problems, increase welfare, growth and development, and achieve sustainability in societies. It emphasizes the integration of environmental considerations into all physical structures in urban spaces with the aim of harmonizing city development with the natural environment and advancing the principle of sustainability through the alignment of human and ecological processes in urban environments. CONCLUSION: The results show that the sponge city and its principles can contribute to sustainable development in environmental, social and economic dimensions. A sponge city construction can improve the ability of cities to adapt to environmental changes and cope with floods, encouraging the development of cities towards a healthier and more sustainable direction. 51 62 2025/03/42023/12/52025/02/22025/01/292025/03/12025/03/152025/03/302025/02/9 1403/11/21 2025/01/162025/01/72025/01/212025/02/222025/01/162025/01/222025/01/32025/01/2 1403/10/13 امید مبارکی Omid Mobaraki Department of Geography and Urban Planning, University of Maragheh, Maragheh, Iran iran omidmobaraki@gmail.com Sponge city Flood Urban drainage Sustainable development. Abdullah M., Ali N., Javid M., Hussein Q. [Awareness and knowledge levels of engineering and planning student and practitioners about the 15-minute city concept in a developing country (Persian)]. Journal of Urban Mobility.2022;(2):1-7.##United Nations. World population prospects. 2019. [Internet]. New York: United Nations. 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