1 2008-4544 Iran Helal Applied Science Higher Education Institute 1064 Environmental disasters Dust Storms in Tehran: An Environmental and Health Challenge Mousavi Ashraf Sadat b Oveisi Nader c b PhD in Communication & Culture, Researcher Iran Helal Higher Education Institute of Applied Science & Technology, Tehran, Iran c PhD in Environmental-Pollutions, Iran Helal Higher Education Institute of Applied Science & Technology, Tehran, Iran 1 9 2025 17 4 200 201 07 01 2026 29 09 2025 Letter to the Editor
1035 Environmental disasters Integrated Hazard Analysis of Spatial Distribution of Air Pollution Indices in Tehran County (2018–2024) Abdollahi Ali Asghar d Karimi Sadegh e Bay Naser f Ahmadi Masoud g Oveisi Nader h d Geography, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran e Faculty of Humanities, Department of Geography, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran f Geography, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran g Environmental Engineering, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Tehran, Iran h Environmental Engineering, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Tehran, Iran 1 9 2025 17 4 202 212 03 09 2025 22 10 2025 INTRODUCTION: Urban air pollution, particularly in densely populated metropolitan areas such as Tehran, has become a major environmental and public health challenge. Nitrogen dioxide (NO₂), a key pollutant generated by anthropogenic activities, tends to accumulate in the lower atmosphere, especially during cold seasons and under temperature inversion conditions. This study presents an integrated hazard analysis of the spatiotemporal distribution of NO₂ across Tehran County during the winters of 2018–2024, with a particular focus on the interaction between anthropogenic and natural factors influencing its distribution. METHODS: This descriptive–analytical study employed an integrated approach using daily NO₂ concentration data derived from Sentinel-5P satellite imagery (TROPOMI sensor) for the winter seasons from 2018 to 2024. Spatial extraction and processing were conducted within a GIS environment, including seasonal averaging, raster-to-vector conversion, and spatial analysis to identify and visualize spatiotemporal patterns of NO₂ distribution. FINDINGS: The results reveal significant spatial and temporal variations in NO₂ concentrations over the seven-year study period. During 2018 and 2019, the highest concentrations were concentrated in central Tehran and northeastern districts. A substantial decline was observed in 2020 and 2021, coinciding with mobility restrictions associated with the COVID-19 pandemic. From 2022 onward, NO₂ concentrations increased again, with notable growth in southern and eastern areas by 2024. These changes indicate a shift in pollution hotspots from the city center toward peripheral zones, followed by a partial re-centralization pattern, reflecting ongoing urban expansion and intensified human activities in suburban areas. CONCLUSION: The findings demonstrate that NO₂ pollution in Tehran constitutes a compound environmental hazard resulting from the interaction of anthropogenic drivers, including traffic emissions, industrial activities, and urban development, with natural factors such as topography and atmospheric inversion conditions. The observed changes in NO₂ distribution patterns reflect broader transformations in urban morphology, land-use dynamics, and environmental management practices. These results highlight the need for integrated urban and environmental policies to mitigate air pollution and enhance urban resilience. 1044 Other matters related to crisis, disasters and rescue & relief Investigating the Safety and Life-Saving of Aid Workers in Disasters Based on the Standards of the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies Nateghi Mohammad i Azimi Garekani Hadi j Masoumi Jamshid i PhD student, Department of Jurisprudence and Fundamentals of Islamic Law, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran j Associate Professor, Department of Jurisprudence and Fundamentals of Islamic Law, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran 1 9 2025 17 4 213 218 08 10 2025 15 09 2025 INTRODUCTION: The safety of aid workers in relief and rescue operations is of particular importance due to the exposure to life-threatening, physical, and psychological risks. The International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC) has provided frameworks for reducing risks and saving the lives of aid workers by providing standards such as the Sphere Project and the Pinheiro Principles. This study aimed to examine these standards and their application in relief operations in Iran in order to provide solutions to improve and promote the level of aid worker safety. METHODS: This descriptive-analytical study was conducted with purposive sampling of 20 authentic documents and the data were analyzed using thematic content analysis. Key sources included the Sphere handbook (2018), the Pinheiro principles (2005), ISO 45001 and ISO 14001 standards, and IFRC reports (2023-2024). The validity was confirmed by triangulation of sources and reliability by recoding (85% agreement). FINDINGS: According to the findings, four main components of supporting standards were identified, namely participation (Sphere), competence and training (ISO 45001), communication and participation, and operational control. Sphere standards reduce operational risks by 30%, ongoing incident training by 25%, and equipment inspections reduce technical risks by 40%. Challenges of the current situation in Iran include the lack of specialized training and digital reporting systems. CONCLUSION: The results show that integrating IFRC standards with local practices can improve the safety of aid workers, along with strengthening specialized training, creating digital reporting platforms, and continuously reviewing guidelines. 1053 Trauma, Triage etc. The Intra-city/Extra-city Paradox in Iran's Road Safety: Disparities in Accident Frequency and Fatality Rates Nozarian Mohamad Hussein l Rajaie Soheila m Karimi Fereshte n l Department of Health Management, Policy and Economics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran m Research Center for Emergency and Disaster Resilience, Red Crescent Society of the Islamic Republic of Iran, Tehran, Iran n Research Center for Emergency and Disaster Resilience, Red Crescent Society of the Islamic Republic of Iran, Tehran, Iran 1 9 2025 17 4 219 229 24 11 2025 07 12 2025 INTRODUCTION: Road traffic accidents represent a significant public health challenge globally, and Iran continues to experience disproportionately high rates of traffic-related morbidity and mortality. This study presents a provincial-level analysis of road traffic accidents in Iran during the 2022–2023 period. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was conducted using data from the Statistical Center of Iran, encompassing all recorded road traffic accidents across 31 provinces during the March 2022 to March 2023. Descriptive statistics, accident and fatality rate calculations, independent-samples t-tests, and Pearson correlation analyses were performed to compare intra-city and extra-city patterns. Statistical significance was defined as p<0.05. Data processing and statistical analyses were carried out using Excel 2019 and SPSS 26, while geographic visualizations were developed using Datawrapper. FINDINGS: In 2022, a total of 2,119,406 road traffic accidents occurred in Iran, leading to 18,799 deaths and 379,020 injuries. Although intra-city areas accounted for the majority of accidents (81.8%; n = 1,733,200), extra-city crashes were markedly more severe. The fatality rate in extra-city areas was 37.48 per 1,000 accidents, compared with 2.5 per 1,000 in intra-city areas (p < 0.001), indicating that extra-city crashes are approximately 15 times more likely to result in death. Significant regional heterogeneity was also observed: Tehran province reported the highest number of accidents (514,498), whereas Sistan and Baluchistan exhibited the highest fatality rate (167.76 per 1,000 accidents). A negative correlation was identified between total accidents and fatality rates across provinces (r =–0.42, p =0.018), suggesting that provinces with fewer accidents often experience more severe outcomes when crashes occur. CONCLUSION: The results reveal a pronounced intra-city/extra-city divide, where extra-city crashes are 15 times more fatal, alongside severe provincial disparities and highlight the need for differentiated prevention strategies, emphasizing improvements in extra-city infrastructure, enforcement, and emergency response capacity—particularly in high-risk regions. 992 Resilience Identification and Ranking of Emotional Intelligence Components Influencing Voluntary Behavior in Relief Organizations in Yazd Province Ebrahimi Alireza o o Assistant Professor, Department of Human Resources Management, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran 1 9 2025 17 4 230 237 26 01 2025 06 12 2025 Introduction: Emotional intelligence represents an advanced and evolved perspective on human resource management in organizations. It serves as a modern and effective tool that enables managers to manage crises and guide employees toward the achievement of organizational goals. Method: In this applied, descriptive–survey research, the statistical population consisted of 478 senior staff members and experts of the Red Crescent Society in Yazd province. A total of 215 participants were selected using Cochran’s formula. Findings: In the present study, four components of emotional intelligence—self-regulation, motivation, empathy, and social skills (each consisting of specialized subcomponents)—were first coded. Subsequently, pairwise comparisons of the emotional intelligence components were conducted, and the weights of these comparisons were calculated using the geometric mean. Finally, the collected components were ranked using the fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) method. Conclusion: The results showed that among the evaluated indicators, self-awareness(A), having the highest weight and social skills (E), having the lowest weight, is identified as the most and the least important component of emotional intelligence. 1034 Other matters related to crisis, disasters and rescue & relief Investigating the Relationship Between Social Intelligence and Time Management Among Prehospital Emergency Technicians in Markazi Province, Iran Eisaabadi Ali p Esmaili Maryam Haghani Shima Shali Mahboubeh p TUMS TUMS TUMS Department of Critical Care Nursing, Nursing Care Research Center, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 1 9 2025 17 4 238 243 01 09 2025 14 12 2025 INTRODUCTION: Prehospital emergency personnel face numerous challenges when time is poorly managed, which can adversely affect both patient outcomes and the overall healthcare system. Identifying factors that contribute to effective time management is essential for enhancing performance in emergency care settings. This study aimed to examine the relationship between social intelligence and time management among prehospital emergency staff in Markazi province, Iran. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted in 2024 among 200 emergency medical technicians working in urban and road Emergency Medical Service (EMS) bases in Markazi province using convenience sampling. Data were collected using a demographic questionnaire, the Time Management questionnaire (Hashemizadeh, 2006), and the Standardized Social Intelligence questionnaire (Silvera et al., 2001). Data analysis was performed in SPSS-16 using descriptive statistics and Pearson correlation tests, with the level of statistical significance set at p<0.05. FINDINGS: The results indicated that the participants had a mean age of 33.64 ± 7.39 years, with males comprising 95% of the sample. The majority of participants (89.6%) demonstrated good time management skills. The mean social intelligence score was 93.15 ± 14.45, indicating a high level of social intelligence. Furthermore, social intelligence and all of its subscales showed positive and statistically significant correlations with all dimensions of time management (p<0.001). CONCLUSION: Social intelligence, as a critical component of human capital, is positively associated with the time management abilities of prehospital emergency personnel. Interventions aimed at enhancing social intelligence may improve time management skills and overall efficiency in prehospital emergency care. 1061 Other matters related to crisis, disasters and rescue & relief The Effect of Knowledge Management and Organizational Culture on Innovation Capacity in Red Crescent Society of Alborz Province Rastgou Seyed Yaser PhD Student in Public Administration Management-Human Resources, Qazvin Azad University 1 9 2025 17 4 244 249 22 12 2025 27 01 2026 INTRODUCTION: The Red Crescent Society, as one of the largest relief and humanitarian organizations, needs to implement modern management techniques in order to enhance the effectiveness and adaptability in complex and dynamic crisis. The aim of this study is to examine the relationship between knowledge management and organizational culture and innovation capacity in the Red Crescent Society in Alborz province. METHODS: In this study, a standard questionnaire was used to measure knowledge management, organizational culture, and innovation capacity. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics with SPSS and SmartPLS software. FINDINGS: According to the findings, there are a positive and significant relationship between  knowledge management and organizational culture with innovation capacity and all proposed hypotheses were confirmed. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that organizational culture has the strongest impact on innovation capacity, while knowledge creation had the least impact. 1045 Other matters related to crisis, disasters and rescue & relief The Role of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles in Diverse Stages of Disaster Management: A Narrative Review Karimi Kivi Hamid Zamani Elham Urmia University of Medial Sciences, Miandoab Schools of Medical Sciences, Miandoab, Iran Urmia University of Medial Sciences, Miandoab Schools of Medical Sciences, Miandoab, Iran 1 9 2025 17 4 250 257 15 10 2025 15 12 2025 INTRODUCTION: The unpredictable magnitude and scope of disasters make it particularly challenging to respond effectively and provide timely assistance to affected populations. In many situations, geographical location, regional topography, and adverse weather conditions, especially in the early stages, hinder rapid access to disaster-affected areas. In recent years, Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), commonly known as drones, have emerged as an innovative technology that offers rapid data collection, real-time surveillance, and access to remote areas, thereby enhancing situational awareness and decision-making during disasters. METHODS: This study employed a narrative review methodology to synthesize existing research on the application of UAVs across the pre-disaster, during and post-disaster phases of disaster management. A comprehensive search of relevant databases yielded a total of 1,986 articles. After removing duplicate records and screening titles, abstracts, and full texts based on predefined inclusion criteria, nine articles were selected for final analysis and review. FINDINGS: The findings were categorized into four main phases of disaster management: prevention and mitigation, preparedness, response, and recovery. The reviewed studies demonstrated that UAVs play a significant role in improving situational awareness, damage assessment, Search and Rescue (SAR) operations, infrastructure monitoring, and recovery planning. Despite certain technical, regulatory, and operational challenges, the overall evidence highlights the substantial potential of UAVs to enhance disaster management effectiveness across all phases. CONCLUSION: According to the results of this review, systematic planning for the integration of UAV technology across various stages of disaster management is essential. Although challenges remain, these can be addressed through the adoption of advanced technologies such as deep learning algorithms, as well as improved equipment, software, and analytical tools for data collection and processing. Such advancements can significantly enhance the cost-effectiveness and operational value of UAVs, supporting more efficient disaster response, mitigation, and recovery strategies.