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Volume 1, Issue 4 (1-2010)
Volume 4, Issue 1 (4-2012)
INTRODUCTION: Due to the casualties and financial losses, floods are the most horrible natural disasters. It is responsible for 40- 50% of all deaths in the world, about 43% of total population damaged by disasters that have occurred between 2009-2000. Despite the high abundance of floods in Iran, yet little research has been done on how the health system response to the flood. This article aims to study the health system response operation to Chaldoran township flood.
METHODS: In this descriptive case study, data was collected by using checklists that were prepared by researchers through interviews with authorities of health system in affected areas; reviewing existing documentation; and observing of how the response has been provided.
FINDINGS: A flash flood was occurred and damaged some parts of Chaldoran Township on 16 July, 2011. Initial investigation team dispatched immediately to the affected areas and surveillance system was exacerbated. 24 samples of water had been taken in the region that 6 cases had bacterial contamination. However, no chemical sampling was prepared, 6 drinking water sources restored and also 34 kg of calcium hypochlorite was distributed. Chlorine measurement was performed in 206 cases which 182 were favorable cases. 8 toilets of 11 were reconstructed after damaging in flood. Meanwhile, there were not any unwanted problems in maternal and child and family planning health services.
CONCLUSION: Fortunately, losses resulting from the recent flood were not noticeable and have been managed well by the health system. But for broader disaster management involving high mortality, the health system should design a proper disaster plan in order to prepare and improve employees by training programs in various maneuvers. The health system and employees should be ready. Otherwise, such disasters are very difficult to manage and also the results will be tragic.
Volume 4, Issue 3 (10-2012)
Introduction: Flood vulnerability is variable and complex that dependents on very phenomena such as rainfall, runoff and high exposure of the flooding downstream areas. Flood vulnerability changes over time and from regions due to natural conditions, human activities, and damage culture of the community at risk. Tehran city may be experiences the difference life and property damages because the high varieties in the socio-economic and the life quality level in regions, also structural varieties in the city fabric.
Methods: In this study, the blocks with weak texture, population density, land use, bridge, slope and drainage density are defined as element at risk to assess the vulnerability differences pattern. Prioritization and the relationship between this variables and vulnerability was done through Analytic Hierarchy Process; ba sed on expert opinions created a matrix with 6×6 dimensions to determine the variables relative weight and vulnerability map.
Findings: Zonal analysis determined the vulnerability in Tehran, which the weights calculated on the basis of the hierarchical process. Zones 10, 17, 8, and 11 are affected against floods urban very high, while zones 22, 21, 18 and 5 are very low. These zones are lack of the blocks with weak texture and their population is low, especially zone 22 is not weak texture, low-density population, and high potential of flow of Kan watercourse.
Conclusion: The resulted relative weights show the population density with 0.3825 and drainage density with 0.0428 as highest and lowest relative weight, respectively. The vulnerability map defines that 138 km2 of the Tehran city area is located in high and very high categories of the vulnerability. Finally ba sed on zonal statistic municipal 10 and 22 have highest and lowest vulnerability, respectively.
Volume 5, Issue 2 (7-2013)
Introduction: Natural disasters are the major problems that mankind unable to prevent their occurrence despite increasing progress. It has been determined that 31 out of 40 natural disasters occur in Iran as one of the most vulnerable countries. However, this research tried to risk zoning of natural hazards in Golestan province and determination of the number of people living in each urban and rural area population.
Methods: This study was done in order to investigate index of flood rising by using annual maximum instantaneous data DOE and data of monthly and annual rainfall measurement stations during the statistic period in 1986-2009. Also, the flood rise was determined with a return period of 25-year discharge maximum moment for each station by using “Hager” relationship in Golestan province. Then, plan of flood hazard risk zonation was drawn ba sed on “Krijing” method.
Findings: The results showed that the maximum and minimum of flood rise are for Pasposhte station in Minoodasht Township and Bandar Torkaman station (6/3 and 36/0) respectively. According to findings, 20.5% of Golestan province was classified as very high-risk zone; 20.7% high-risk zone; 39.6% medium flood risk and 19.2% in low-risk zone. The results were as follows: about 18/6% of rural population was in very high-risk zone and 14/5% in high-risk zone; 11/9% was in medium flood risk and 6/6% in low-risk zone; also, about 9/9% of urban population was very high-risk zones; 10/2% in high-risk areas, 18/9% within medium flood risk, also %9/1 was in low-risk zone in the province.
Conclusions: According to the results, it is concluded that Golestan province is in high risk of flooding, about 31/1% of rural population are in very high and high risk zones in terms of human and financial. Thus, it is necessary to identify and prioritize management programs due to high-risk zones areas
Volume 6, Issue 2 (8-2014)
METHOD: This research is descriptive and analytical and is considered an applied research in terms of research objectives, and geographic information system tools were used. The aim of the research is to determine vulnerable and sensitive areas located in the river boundary.
FINDINGS: Through field surveys and existing maps, it was determined using GIS that approximately 483,242 square meters of unauthorized buildings have been constructed in the river boundary, which in some cases have even advanced into the river bed. In this research, sensitive and vulnerable areas in the boundary were identified and necessary solutions were presented to reduce damage.
CONCLUSION: Considering the hydraulic wave coefficient of the meandering Mehran Roud, which is 1.2, which indicates that it is wavy, and the amount of possible flood that can occur with a 50-year return period and a probability of 2%, equivalent to 8.82 cubic meters per second, it is necessary to consider the area that is submerged in a flow of 90 cubic meters per second in the case of any equipment and construction operations along the course of this river. It was also found that 483,242 square meters of various land uses in Tabriz city are located in the floodplain of Mehran Roud, of which more than 23 percent of the total land uses are residential.
Volume 7, Issue 4 (10-2016)
Introduction: Today, due to climate changes, climate risks are the most important challenges and threats to mankind, among which flood is one of the most common hazards. In Iran, due to its geographical location and climatic conditions, this hazard causes loss of lives and enormous financial damages to agricultural land, infrastructure, and settlements of the country every year. Haraz region, as one of the most populous areas in the north of Iran, within the two provinces of Mazandaran and Tehran, with one of the major transportation arteries, is faced with a flood incident each year. Therefore, this study was conducted with the aim to develop a rainfall-runoff model for flood risk management in the main road in Haraz.
Method: The research method was statistical documentary. Due to the purpose and content of the study, the research was ba
Findings: Increasing trend in precipitation of the area, changes in precipitation time until the end of the season, especially in winter and summer, irregularities in the regional climate system, and the effect of global climate changes and global warming were observed. Based on the model results, in the mid-term and long-term return periods, Tiran and Andvar areas (Iran) were the most susceptible to flooding in Haraz region. The large flood area in the Haraz River was about 300 meters and the small river beds were 20-35 meters. The river flood active zone was about 100 to 150 meters and parts of this area can be flooded periodically. Areas in the southern part of the Haraz region, due to their lack of vegetation and a covering of snow, were more prone to massive runoff and floods than other areas. Due to the existence of such circumstances, comprehensive watershed studies and flood control systems, and establishment and equipping of pre-hospital care stations for times of crisis are necessary.
Conclusion: By integrating a geographic information system (GIS) and hydrological models, the interaction effects of physiographic factors and the climate can be studied on the flooding potential of the watersheds. The prioritization of flood potential high risk areas could be performed better through considering the possibility of peak flow, important residential and communication areas, and the role of flood routing in waterways. Considering that the infrastructure of crisis management is prevention, analysis of flood prone areas could be effective in the flood prevention plan. Results of this study were important in the implementation of the flood risk management plans before the crisis.
Volume 10, Issue 4 (1-2018)
Introduction: Flooding and floodwater is one of the most important environmental hazards that can lead to severe damage such as mortality and have long-term economic and social impacts. It may even damage the property, disrupt the communication system, and wash agricultural land. Tabriz city placement in Lake Urmia basin, its plain position, and passage of two main rivers of Aji Chay and Quri Chay from the city has caused many destructive floods to take place and left great deal of ruin.
Method: This research aims to explain the geographical situation of Tabriz city and analyze its action against urban floods with a descriptive-analytical approach. ARCGIS 10.5 and Topsis-fuzzy model is used to evaluate the research criteria.
Findings: After reviewing the research literature and the related studies, five criteria were selected as the main criteria of the research. Then, the distance between positive and negative ideals for the criteria was determined by using Topsis-fuzzy model; finally, the spatial classification of criteria was extracted by mapping each of the criteria.
Conclusion: According to the final map, that shows the vulnerable areas of Tabriz city against flood risk, 6% of the city's area with a population of about 91277 people is in very high-risk zone. Considering very high to medium risk areas, 33 percent of the city's urban area, about 46 percent of the city's population are at risk of flood. This indicates that flood-prone areas are crowded and populated areas of the city.
Volume 12, Issue 1 (9-2020)
METHODS: This cross-sectional study was performed in all provinces of Iran after the end of the flood response operations in April 2017. The required data were collected through a researcher-made questionnaire and interviews with provincial operational managers. The designed questionnaire had different parts about the situation of the provinces in the face of floods, the most important problems faced during floods, and the most important needs for facing floods. Participants were also asked two questions about the information and equipment they should have had before the flood.
FINDINGS: Analysis of the answers revealed that 24 provinces (77.41% of the country) were affected by the floods. The most common problems were lack of equipment and low public awareness which were repeated by the subjects 24 and 17 times, respectively. Moreover, the need for specialized equipment and training courses were also the most important needs.
CONCLUSION: Based on the findings, the Iranian Red Crescent Society faced many problems and needs during the disaster relief process in the 2019 flood which indicated the lack of a comprehensive plan for flood management in Iran. Therefore, policymakers and disaster managers must develop practical and localized guidelines for relief according to the conditions of Iran in order to achieve the ultimate goal of disaster management which is to reduce deaths, injuries, and financial damages.
Volume 13, Issue 1 (3-2021)
METHODS: The relationship between the perspective of Tehran based on the form and geomorphological processes and the evaluation of earthquake and flood hazards have been observed in four stages, which included data collection, data processing, calculation of indicators, and analysis of findings. The studied area was divided into three northern, central, and south urban landscapes to determine the resistance thresholds of the city according to the characteristics of topography, physiography, geology, the results of field studies and satellite images, aerial photographs, as well as paleogeomorphological research in Tehran.
FINDINGS: According to the zoning map of Tehran based on the earthquake phenomenon in three perspectives of north, center, and south, the highest distribution of non-resistance is observed in the northern and southern areas of the city. Northeast, southwest, and semi-western regions have the highest urban resilience to earthquakes.
Moreover, regarding the zoning of Tehran based on the flood phenomenon in the three perspectives of north, center, and south, the highest distribution of non-resilience has been observed in the northern regions of the city. Northeast, southwest, and west of Tehran have the highest urban flood resilience.
CONCLUSION: Based on the results of the present study, in order to increase resilience against the risks of earthquakes and floods, the city of Tehran should be studied not in just one perspective but in different perspectives.
Volume 13, Issue 2 (5-2021)
METHODS: This study aims to strategically analyze the crisis management of April 2019 Golestan floods through the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats (SWOT) method, highlighting the role and performance of the Red Crescent Society. The selected tool was a descriptive-analytic field-based documentation survey questionnaire providing the chance to investigate the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. Finally, we determined the optimal strategy.
FINDINGS: The results revealed that the average values of internal and external factors for all units were above 2.5. Therefore, SO is the optimal strategy whose emphasis is on using the strengths and opportunities faced by the Red Crescent Society to the fullest and other flood management bodies.
CONCLUSION: Considering that the crisis-management-related agencies ought to operate as a unified system to decrease casualties, the need to adopt proper strategies to enhance coordination in associated organizations is one of the leading priorities of Golestan Province.
Volume 13, Issue 3 (9-2021)
METHODS: The present study used the Analytic Hierarchy Process method to evaluate the validity and reliability of measuring instruments through exploratory factor analysis. Since the value of the KMO index was 0.879, the number of samples was sufficient for analysis. Moreover, the significance of the Bartlett test was less than 5% and Cronbach's alpha coefficient was obtained at 0.856; accordingly, the questionnaire was reliable.
FINDINGS: Based on the spatial analysis of the seismic vulnerability, 214 and 502 villages were in the zone of very high and high vulnerability, respectively. Moreover, the results of flood vulnerability showed that the southern and northwestern parts of South Khorasan province had the lowest vulnerability. The number of villages located in the very high vulnerable zone was very limited and included only seven villages of Chenesht, Kalateh Abbas, Takti Ti, Tangel Behdan, Ebru, Khankuk, and Ostan Siah, which are located in the east of the province.
CONCLUSION: Based on the integrated results of two hazards (i.e., earthquakes and floods), it is observed that 523 rural settlements are in a very high-risk zone, which accounts for 14.7% of the total settlements in the South Khorasan province, compared to the total rural settlements. Furthermore, the highest dispersion frequency of rural settlements is in the zone of moderate vulnerability. This zone with 1,344 settlements includes about 37.7% of the total settlements in the province
Volume 15, Issue 1 (1-2023)
Introduction: According to the flood records in Mazandaran province, this region is regarded as one of the flood-prone regions of the country, and due to the floods, it has suffered many casualties and financial losses. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the settlements at risk of flooding as one of the main goals of this research.
Methods: This descriptive-analytical study was conducted based on extensive and exploratory research approaches. The required data were collected from monthly discharge and the maximum instantaneous discharge in the stations of Mazandaran province along with the population statistics of the provincial cities, as well as the statistics of the Natural Resources and Watershed Management Organization concerning the floods. Accordingly, the statistics of hydrometric stations from 1971 to 2021 of Iran's water resources management main company, the population statistics of the province based on the census of 2015, and the statistics of floods that occurred from the beginning to 2021 have been used in this study. Flood return periods were obtained in the study stations in different statistical distributions using Hyfa software. Finally, Arc GIS software (version 10.3) was used to zone floods in Mazandaran province.
Findings: Based on the results, about 1013 square kilometers of the province's surface accounting for 4.25% of its total area is located in the boundaries of large floods that have a return period of 50 to 100 years. Moreover, due to the high altitude, rainy-snowy events, and the significant amount of precipitation in Sarab (Dali Chai and Lar basins) and Payab, Haraz basin has a significant runoff rate discharge so that about 500 to 600 liters of water flow from this basin annually per square meter.
Conclusion: According to the obtained results, strategies have been proposed to increase resilience against flood risk using different methods.
Volume 16, Issue 4 (10-2024)
METHODS: In this descriptive-analytical research, priorities and effective criteria were selected through library studies, examining various sources, as well as the Delphi technique, then, the opinion of experts and specialists was asked and prioritization was done using a questionnaire.
FINDINGS: The findings of the research indicated that 12 effective criteria in the occurrence of floods in the study area are: land use, streets and public roads, distance to the river, soil texture, amount of precipitation, not respecting the boundaries and development of urban areas towards the rivers, high runoff coefficient in the areas residential, low width of the communication network, population density, type of building materials, slope of the land and overall capacity of flood control. In the following, for each criterion, the graph of importance percentage and degree of importance was drawn, and finally, based on that, the priority of the effective criteria in the study area was determined.
CONCLUSION: According to the results obtained, appropriate structural and non-structural measures should be taken to minimize flood damage as much as possible. Therefore, managers and executives should consider appropriate management plans to reduce flood damage and include its results in regional development planning programs.
Volume 16, Issue 4 (10-2024)
METHODS: In this descriptive-analytical study, field survey and a researcher-made questionnaire were used to collect data. The statistical population of the research included citizens living in Konarak city, 380 of whom were selected using the Cochran formula using a simple random sampling method. The data were analyzed with GIS software.
FINDINGS: According to the findings, the vulnerability of Konarak city to floods was assessed in terms of physical-infrastructural, social, economic, and institutional indicators in all neighborhoods. In the neighborhoods of Kalk Bazar, Surg, and Kohiyan, the physical-infrastructure index was higher than the average, which indicates the unfavorable condition of these neighborhoods in terms of physical conditions; socially, the lowest average was for Nazarabad and Surg neighborhoods; also, economically, the lowest average was for Nazarabad, Surg, and Baluchan neighborhoods, and institutionally, the lowest average was for Nazarabad, Surg, and Kohiyan neighborhoods.
CONCLUSION: The results showed that neighborhoods of Nazarabad, Surg, Baluchan, and Kohiyan have a very unfavorable situation in terms of environmental vulnerability, respectively, while neighborhoods of Zargaran, Kalk Bazar, and Saheli Markazi have a relatively more favorable situation.
Volume 17, Issue 1 (1-2025)
METHODS: In this applied study, the research method is both descriptive and analytical. Data were collected from review articles, book chapters, grey literature, online pages, and newspaper articles. For qualitative content analysis, an inductive method was used, which combines data collection, extraction, and analysis, and gradually generates a discussion.
FINDINGS: According to the findings, the sponge city model involves comprehensive improvement of urban water resources and the aquatic environment in urban areas and a way to respond to water challenges and environmental degradation, promising to resolve environmental problems, increase welfare, growth and development, and achieve sustainability in societies. It emphasizes the integration of environmental considerations into all physical structures in urban spaces with the aim of harmonizing city development with the natural environment and advancing the principle of sustainability through the alignment of human and ecological processes in urban environments.
CONCLUSION: The results show that the sponge city and its principles can contribute to sustainable development in environmental, social and economic dimensions. A sponge city construction can improve the ability of cities to adapt to environmental changes and cope with floods, encouraging the development of cities towards a healthier and more sustainable direction.
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