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Iranian hospital preparedness dealing with disasters )a review study(
Maryam Yaghoubi, Fatemeh Rahmati Najarkolaei, ,
Volume 6, Issue 4 (1-2015)
Abstract

Background: Disaster preparedness and management in hospitals are attractive topics for researchers. According to the studies, this research was performed in order to collect and compare the published studies about preparation in all hospitals dealing with disaster in the country.
Methods: In this review study, data and information was searched and collected the keywords consist of "hospital disaster readiness", "hospital disaster", "disaster management system" in databa ses such as Iranmedex, SID, Magiran and also PubMed and Google scholar. Quality assessment of papers was evaluated and result was compared and analyzed finally.
Finding: A total of 32 articles were found; 21relevant articles were analyzed.
Conclusion: In most studies, hospital preparation to deal with the crisis was moderate. Therefore, planning is important in order to Implement the crisis management program for hospitals and improve their preparedness in the country.


Effective Components on Cash-based Intervention to Affected People by Natural Disasters Using Information and Communication Technology in Iran
Mohammad Taghi Taghavifard, Yohan Yousefzadeh, Kamran Feizi, Mohammadreza Taghva,
Volume 12, Issue 1 (9-2020)
Abstract
 INTRODUCTION: Rescue and relief organizations start their operations from the first moments after the occurrence of a disaster. Moreover, they set up emergency accommodation camps after the emergency period to deliver aid and health packages with standard content based on the general needs of the affected people. However, if a family has infants, children, elderly, or sick members, these packages will not be able to meet their needs. Cash donations instead of goods respect the human dignity of the affected people after the emergency period and result in the recovery of the families and the economy of the region. Usage of information technology for this purpose leads to speed, accuracy, and transparency in the implementation of the above-mentioned method. Given the differences between the situation in Iran and the international community, the present study aimed to find localized components that affect the provision of cash-based interventions to the affected people by natural disasters using information and communications technology.
METHODS: This mixed method research was performed in two stages; meta-synthesis was used in the first stage and Fuzzy Delphi was used in the second stage to extract the domestic components of the cash-based interventions. The statistical population in the meta-synthesis stage was the local and international journals as well as the performance reports of international aid agencies published during 2004-2019. Finally, through sample selection and systematic selection based on the defined keywords, 71 out of 388 studies were selected for the purposes of the research. In the second stage, the statistical population consisted of executive directors of local aid agencies and crisis management instructors at universities and international workshops. Eventually, 14 experts were selected judgmentally who participated in three Delphi rounds.
FINDINGS: In the first stage, 18 components in four categories were determined using the seven-step model of Sandelowski and Barroso. In the first round of Delphi, one component was omitted and six other components were added according to the opinions of the experts. However, in the second and third rounds, all the components were approved by them without any further changes. According to the obtained Kendall’s rank correlation coefficient which was about 0.703, the local components were agreed upon by the selected experts.
CONCLUSION: The determined local components that affect the process of transferring cash-based interventions to the affected people by natural disasters using information and communications technology consisted of 23 components that were screened and confirmed by the experts. These components can be used as a basis for the development of a process model for the systematic electronic transfer of money to the affected people by natural disasters in Iran after the emergency response period.

Legal Analysis of the Exemption of Iranian Red Crescent Relief Workers from Compensation for Traffic Accident Injuries
Mohammad Abedi, Mahmoud Arefi Rad,
Volume 13, Issue 3 (9-2021)
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: The main activities of the Red Crescent Society rescuers are to rescue and release the injured. Most of the actions of these forces in road accidents cause damage to the body and rights of injured persons and third parties. These damages, which are required to carry out the activities of the relief force, are allowed subject to the normal damage; however, they are responsible for the damages that result from their indulgence and misappropriation. The main question is "What are the legal principles of exemption of relief workers from civil liability and how is it possible to combine the protection of the rights of the victims toward their bodies, lives, and property with supporting the good intentions and actions of the aid workers and performing their legal duties?
METHODS: This descriptive-analytical research describes the subjects or phenomena and their conditions and elements. Considering that to conduct research and explain the content, the provision of legal analysis is based on the analytical method, the method of data analysis is also based on the logical analysis. In this research, documents at traditional and digital libraries were used for data collection and note-taking was employed as the tool to gather data.
FINDINGS: This study, through contrasting the two ideas of protecting aid workers and the rights of victims to physical integrity, aimed to destabilize the relief workers' exemption based on such principles as beneficence, rule of law, urgency, and benevolent intervention and determine the limits and conditions of such exemption to ensure that the guaranteed rights of the injured individuals are not violated on their bodies and property.
CONCLUSION: It seems that the rule of law is the only basis that can always justify the relief workers' exemption from civil liability and other justifiable factors cannot always be compatible with the situation of relief workers. According to the rule, beneficence, the rule of law, benevolent intervention, and urgency can be considered factors in exempting relief workers. However, matching the situation of the rescuers with the justifiable factors shows that the main basis of the rescuers' exemption is the rule of law, which gives them the authority and duty to carry out rescue operations, and the necessary damages to rescue the injured is based on the rule of "permission in the object results in permission in its consequences".

The Effectiveness of Psychological Interventions in the Well-Being of Adolescents Surviving Natural Disasters in East Azerbaijan Province
Sepideh Zargham Zanjani, Mohammad Reza Sirafi, Mehrnoosh Hedayati, Milad Ahmadi Marzaleh,
Volume 13, Issue 3 (9-2021)
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Given that Iran is among the top five earthquake-prone countries in the world and no region of the country is safe from unforeseen crises, raising awareness regarding the victims' mental health issues is one of the top priorities limiting the extent of problems and subsequent consequences. The present study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of psychological interventions in the well-being of adolescents surviving natural disasters as opposed to regular individuals.
METHODS: The study population in the present cross-sectional comparative study consists of high school students (13–18 years old) from the earthquake-stricken village of Sarand in East Azerbaijan province, and normal students from Zarnaq in the same province. They were assessed through the total population sampling method. The data collection tool utilized was a questionnaire (Ryff) to assess anxiety and depression. Data is analyzed and screened by measures of central tendency (mean and standard deviation) for the first section of variables. In the second section, the analysis of variance (ANOVA) was employed to test the research questions.
FINDINGS: The earthquake group achieved the lowest and highest mean scores in the aspects of environmental mastery (9.46), personal growth (10.93), and purpose in life (10.90), respectively. In the Non-Affected group, the lowest mean score is associated with paranoia (2.25) and the highest mean score is linked to anxiety (3.86). The post-test revealed the lowest mean score in the control group was related to autonomy (11.09), and the highest mean score pertained to personal growth (14.38). The scores are normally distributed in all dimensions. Eventually, the obtained data indicated that the psychological interventions performed for the benefit of the disaster-stricken group were significantly more than the group that was not subjected to psychological interventions. However, there was no statistically significant difference between the two groups in terms of sex.
CONCLUSION: Providing post-crisis social psychosocial support programs for adolescents consolidates cognitive and behavioral rehabilitation, diminishes stress and vulnerability, enriches relationships with peers, decreases psychosomatic disorders caused by the crisis, and modifies social performance. Moreover, spending time with their peers, family members, and relatives ameliorates various disorders and issues.

Theoretical Analysis of Human Intervention in the Formation of Climate Change Phenomenon in Iran
Sanaz Sohrabizadeh, Amirhossein Bahramzadeh, Reza Khani Jazani,
Volume 15, Issue 3 (6-2023)
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Climate change is a fact that is known globally, and Iran is a country that has been affected by climate events for a long time and is one of the factors that threaten the stability and flexibility of environmental systems, social systems, and quality of life of people. The current study was performed to explain the phenomenon of climate change in Iran based on the experience of experts and key informants.
METHODS: This qualitative research is a content analysis type. To collect data, in-depth interviews were carried out with 9 experts purposefully and it was continued until the data saturation stage was reached. For the reliability of the data, the strategies of validity, verifiability, trustworthiness, and transferability were used.
FINDINGS: According to the results, two main themes were extracted from the data: 1) Acceptors of human intervention in climate change: who believed in the impact of human activities and the existence of consequences of climate change in Iran; 2) Deniers of human intervention in climate change: that continuous change in climate and its changeable nature has existed forever on the planet and is not an issue that is dependent on human intervention.
CONCLUSION: Based on the findings, it is recommended to raise the level of awareness of society about the issue of climate change, along with training the people and organizations associated with climate change management, to reduce and adjust to the consequences of climate change. In addition, it is suggested to perform a phenomenological qualitative study to explain the phenomenon of the intensification of climate change about the interventions of humans in their environment, and the intensification of the consequences of climate change.

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